Wide recognition of the need for evaluative research in criminology is only about ten or fifteen years old, and it is therefore not surprising that little of this kind of research has been performed to date. There is usually a lag between announced awareness of a social need, bureaucratic budgeting to work on the need, and action to fulfill it. Moreover, the field of corrections has not had a prominent history of research, although every country has had long experience with the treatment of offenders, if “treatment” is interpreted in its broadest sense of societal reaction to crime and the captive criminals. In its more narrow meaning, treatment may be said to refer to the methods of control and reconditioning that today embrace sociological, psychological and allied disciplinary tools to train the minds of men to adjust to the prescriptions and proscriptions of the society in which they live. In this latter and more restrictive sense, correctional systems have had less experience: and it has been experience limited by money, time, and creative thinking.