According to the anniversaries — 50 years of International Association, 250 years Beccaria’s birthday — and following a modern trend at the same time, I would like to begin with the historical-biographical background of my question, and later more systematically I am going to analyse the ways out of the actual crisis of criminology.
1. When I was just 2 years old, Roland Preissler appreciated the results of the first congress in Rome 1938 — mainly obliged to etiology-biological approaches. He put an emphasis on the following two results, which are still actual even in our days. In the first place, he says, the “Prevention is better than punishment; prevention makes the police appear, not only them, … but also social and economical policy, public education … ”. In the second place he is stressing the fact, that an individual is responsible for its actions, so one has to beware “of the assumption of opinions that future behaviour of human beings could be calculated ; and of the meaning, that past behaviour unavoidably explains itself by the components called constitution, milieu, education”.
Being still under influence of criminal-biological thinking, at the same time Edmund Mezger, one of the presidents of this congress, defines as “future tasks of criminological work” : a) the examination of criminal inheritance and inclinations of the criminal individual, b) the further elucidation of the problem of psychopathy, c) the prognosis-research and d) the creation of types of personality to which determined types of treatment can be attached to (1).