Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-65b85459fc-9zwhw Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-10-17T20:46:49.585Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

10 - Relief on and for the Body in Late Antique Numismatic Jewelry

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 October 2025

Jas' Elsner
Affiliation:
University of Oxford
Milette Gaifman
Affiliation:
Yale University, Connecticut
Nathaniel B. Jones
Affiliation:
Washington University, St Louis
Get access

Summary

This chapter examines the relief effects, multiply understood, of late antique numismatic and nummiform gold jewelry. It discusses coins and coin-like objects decorated in relief and embedded within frameworks such as necklaces, bracteates, and rings meant to be worn on the body. These objects, the chapter argues, not only employ relief to adorn the body; they also offer aid and protection to the wearer through a set of typological associations connected to notions of authority. Such typologies could be literal, both as official coins and medallions, which were made into relief objects through the process of striking precious metals in carved dies in the imperial mint, and as unofficial, imitative, coin-like objects, which were produced from molds or direct impression from these original issues. But metaphorical typologies were equally important, as the source of authority for both the coins and their amuletic power moved between the imperial and the Christian.

Information

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2025

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Atzori, M., Acquaro, E., Mariani, V., Pirozzi, G., and Flore, S. (1999). Gli ornamenti preziosi dei sardi: Dai Fenicio-Punica al primo Novecento. Sassari: Delfino.Google Scholar
Auerbach, E. (1959). “Figura” in Scenes from the Drama of European Literature: Six Essays. New York: Meridion Books. 1176.Google Scholar
Baldini Lippolis, I. (1999). L’oreficeria nell’impero di Costantinopoli tra IV e VII secolo. Bari: Edipuglia.Google Scholar
Balmaseda Muncharaz, L. J. (2009). “Orfebrería epigrafada de época Visigoda en el Museo Arqueológico Nacional.” In Díaz, J. C. Galende and de Santiago Fernández, J., eds., VIII Jornadas Científicas sobre documentación de la Hispania altomedieval (siglos VI–X). Madrid: Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 1142.Google Scholar
Barasch, M. (1992). Icon: Studies in the History of an Idea. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Bastien, P. (1988). Monnaie et donativa au Bas-Empire. Numismatique romaine 17. Wetteren: Numismatique Romaine.Google Scholar
Baum, J. (1934). “Die Goldbrakteaten von Attalens und La Coppelenanz.” Schwizerische numismatische Rundschau = Revue suisse de numismatique = Rivista svizzera di numismatica 26.4: 394404.Google Scholar
Bąkowska-Czerner, G., Roccati, A., and Świerzowska, A., eds. (2015). The Wisdom of Thoth: Magical Texts in Ancient Mediterranean Civilisations. Oxford: Archaeopress.Google Scholar
Belting, H. (1994). Likeness and Presence: A History of the Image before the Era of Art. Trans. E. Jephcott. Chicago. IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Betz, H. D. (1992). The Greek Magical Papyri in Translation, Including the Demotic Spells. Vol. 1, Texts. 2nd ed. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Biliarsky, I. (2014). “Legitimating Figure: Women, Marriage and Power.” Centre for Advanced Study Sofia Working Papers 6: 123.Google Scholar
Biliarsky, I. (2015). “Marriage and Power (Images of Authority).” Studia Ceranea 5: 932.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonner, C. (1946). Studies in Magical Amulets, Chiefly Graeco-Egyptian. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Boschung, D., and Bremmer, J. N., eds. (2015). The Materiality of Magic. Morphomata 20. Leiden: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, P. (2012). Through the Eye of a Needle: Wealth, the Fall of Rome, and the Making of Christianity in the West, 350–550 AD. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Brubaker, L., and Tobler, H. (2002). “The Gender of Money: Byzantine Empresses on Coins (324–802).” In Stafford, P. and Mulder-Bakker, A. B., eds., Gendering the Middle Ages. Oxford: Blackwell, 4264.Google Scholar
Bühl, G., ed. (2008). Dumbarton Oaks: The Collections. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection.Google Scholar
Bussels, S. (2012). The Animated Image: Roman Theory on Naturalism, Vividness and Divine Power. Leiden: Leiden University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlà, F. (2009). L’oro nella tarda antichità: Aspetti economici e sociali. Turin: Zamorani.Google Scholar
Collins, D. (2008). Magic in the Ancient Greek World. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Collins, D. (2015). Magic and Demons: Antiquity and Its Legacy. London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Corrado, M. (2003). “Note sul problema della lamine bratteate altomedievali dal Sud Italia.” In Peduto, P. and Fiorillo, R., eds., Atti del III Congresso nazionale di archeologia medievale (Salerno, 2–5 ottobre 2003). Florence: Giglio, 110–14.Google Scholar
Corrado, M. (2004). “Tarda antichità e alto medioevo nell’odierna calabria centro-orientale: Il terriorio di Crotone nei reperti della raccolta Attianese.” Archivio storico per la Calabria e la Lucania 71: 534.Google Scholar
Corrado, M. (2011). “I Magi ‘di Siderno’ dal XIX al XXI secolo: Resistenze antiquarie nell’era di internet.” Paper presented at the conference Aspetti e problemi del Tardo-Antico nella Calabria Jonica: Territorio, materiali, iconografie, organized by the Circolo di Studi Storici “Le Calabrie” in the ex-Convento dei Minimi di Gioiosa Ionica, 15 April.Google Scholar
Corrado, M., and Gentile, A. M. (2005–6). “Fortune calabresi di San Teodoro di Amasea: Dalle fibule altomedievali con lamine bratteate agli stemmi civici di età moderna.” Studi Calabresi 5–6.6–7: 1938.Google Scholar
Cotsonis, J. and Nesbitt, J. (2011). “An Early Byzantine Lead Seal with an Image of the Incredulity of Thomas.” Byzantion 81: 127–37.Google Scholar
Daim, F. (2002). “Pilgeramulette und Frauenschmuck? Zu den Scheibenfibeln der frühen Keszthelly-Kultur.” Zalai Múzeum 11: 113–32.Google Scholar
Dasen, V. (2003). “Les amulettes d’enfants dans le monde gréco-romain.” Latomus 62.2: 275–89.Google Scholar
Deckers, J. (1998). “Medaillon (enkolpion),” In Wamser, L. and Zahlhaas, G., eds., Rom und Byzanz: Archälogische Kostbarkeiten aus Bayern. Munich: Hirmer, 207–11, no. 308.Google Scholar
Dennison, W. (1918). A Gold Treasure of the Late Roman Period from Egypt. Studies in East Christian and Roman Art 2. New York: Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Di Lorenzo, R. (1886). “Regione III (Lucania et Brutii) XXV: Siderno; Lamina d’oro istoriata trovata in una tomba cristiana a Siderno.” In Notizie degli scavi di antichità. Rome: R. Accademia dei Lincei, 137–8.Google Scholar
Drpić, I. (2018). “The Enkolpion: Object, Agency, Self.” Gesta 57.2: 197224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dureau, Y. (2002). “The Talisman or the Word as an Object and as an Image-Signifier.” Semiotica 139: 2362.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edmonds, R. G. (2019). Drawing Down the Moon: Magic in the Greco-Roman World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elsner, J. (2018). Art of the Roman Empire: 100–450 AD. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Endreffy, K., Nagy, Á. M., and Spier, J., eds. (2019). Magical Gems in Their Contexts: Proceedings of the International Workshop Held in the Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest, 16–18 February 2012. Rome: Bretschneider.Google Scholar
Entwistle, C. (2005). “Some Notes on Two Late-Antique Gold Pendants in the British Museum.” In Crummy, N., ed., Image, Craft and the Classical World: Essays in Honour of Donald Bailey and Catherine Johns. Montagnac: Mergoil, 267–76.Google Scholar
Faraone, C. A. (1992). Talismans and Trojan Horses: Guardian Statues in Ancient Greek Myth and Ritual. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Faraone, C. A. (2012). “Text, Image and Medium: The Evolution of Graeco-Roman Magical Gemstones.” In Entwistle, C. and Adams, N., eds., Gems of Heaven: Recent Research on Engraved Gemstones in Late Antiquity, AD 200–600. London: British Museum, 5061.Google Scholar
Faraone, C. A. (2018). The Transformation of Greek Amulets in Roman Imperial Times. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Fejfer, J. (2008). Roman Portraits in Context. Berlin: De Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Filipová, A. (2015). “On the Origins of the Monza Collection of Holy Land Ampullae: The Legend of Gregory the Great’s Gift of Relics to Theodolina Reconsidered.” Arte Lombarda, n.s., vol. 173–4.1–2: 516.Google Scholar
Forrer, R. (1893). Die frühchristlichen Alterthümer aus dem Gräberfelde von Achmim-Panopolis. Strasbourg: Lohbauer.Google Scholar
Foskolou, V. (2012). “Blessings for Sale? On the Production and Distribution of Pilgrim Mementos in Byzantium.” Byzantinische Zeitschrift 105.1: 5384.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foskolou, V. (2014). “The Magic of the Written Word: The Evidence of Inscriptions on Byzantine Magical Amulets.” Δελτίον της χριστιανικής αρχαιολογικής εταιρείας 35: 329–48.Google Scholar
Frankfurter, D., ed. (2019). Guide to the Study of Ancient Magic. Leiden: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frazer, J. G. (1925). The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Fulghum, M. M. (2001). “Coins Used as Amulets in Late Antiquity.” In Asirvatham, S. R., Pache, C. O., and Watrous, J., eds., Between Magic and Religion. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 139–47.Google Scholar
Garrucci, R. (1877). Storia dell’arte cristiana nei primi otto secoli della chiesa. Vol. 4, Musaici cimiteriali e non cimiteriali. Prato: Guasti.Google Scholar
Gell, A. (1994). “The Technology of Enchantment and the Enchantment of Technology.” In Coote, J. and Shelton, A., eds., Anthropology, Art and Aesthetics. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 4063.Google Scholar
Gemini Numismatic Auctions. (2009). “Unique Byzantine Presentation Medallion.” Lot 593, Gemini Numismatic Auctions VI, Sunday, January 10, 2010, Chicago, 102–3.Google Scholar
Gemini Numismatic Auctions (2011). “Unique Byzantine Marriage Medallion.” Lot 928, Gemini Numismatic Auctions VII, Sunday, 9 January 2011, Chicago, 165–6.Google Scholar
Grabar, A. (1951). “Un Médaillon en or provenant de Mersine en Cilicie.” Dumbarton Oaks Papers 6: 25, 2749.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grabar, A. (1958). Les ampoules de Terre Sainte. Paris: Klincksieck.Google Scholar
Grabar, A. (1968). Christian Iconography: A Study of Its Origins. The A. W. Mellon Lectures in the Fine Arts, 1961, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Grabar, A. (1979). Les voies de la création en iconographie chrétienne, Antiquité et Moyen Âge. Paris: Flammarion.Google Scholar
Grabar, A. (2021). Le vie dell’iconografia cristiana, Antichità e Medioevo. 6th ed. Trans. R. Della Torre and M. Colombo and rev. M. della Valle. Milan: Jaca.Google Scholar
Grierson, P. (1961). “The Date of the Dumbarton Oaks Epiphany Medallion.” Dumbarton Oaks Papers 15: 221–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grierson, P. (1999). Byzantine Coinage. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection.Google Scholar
Holliday, P. J. (1995). “Narrative Structures in the Francois Tomb.” In Holliday, P. J., ed., Narrative and Event in Ancient Art. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 175–97.Google Scholar
Iacobini, A. (1991). “‘Dextrarum Iunctio’: Appunti su un medaglione aureo proto-bizantino.” In Studi in onore di Carlo Bo. Notizie da Palazzo Albani: Rivista di storia e teoria delle arti 20. Urbino: Argalìa, 4966.Google Scholar
Iannascoli, L. (2021). “Medaglione aureo.” Pensiero in immagini: Taccuino di note degli studenti di storia dell’arte medievale della Università di Verona e Trento, April 4. https://pensieroimma.hypotheses.org/tag/annunciazione.Google Scholar
Israeli, Y. and Mevorah, D., eds. (2000). Cradle of Christianity. Jerusalem: The Israel Museum.Google Scholar
Janowitz, N. (2002). Icons of Power: Ritual Practices in Late Antiquity. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.Google Scholar
Jones, A. E. (2019). “Coins as Seals in Lombard Italy.” In Whatley, L., ed., A Companion to Seals in the Middle Ages. Leiden: Brill, 333–54.Google Scholar
Kantorowicz, E. (1944). “The ‘King’s Advent’ and the Enigmatic Panels in the Doors of Santa Sabina.” Art Bulletin 26.4: 207–31.Google Scholar
Kateusz, A. (2015). “Ascension of Christ or Ascension of Mary? Reconsidering a Popular Early Iconography.” Journal of Early Christian Studies 23.2: 273303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kiyanrad, S., Theis, C., and Willer, L., eds. (2018). Bild und Schrift auf “magischen” Artefakten. Berlin: De Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kotansky, R. D. (2019). “Textual Amulets and Writing Traditions in the Ancient World.” In Frankfurter 2019: 507–54.Google Scholar
Krautheimer, R. (1942). “Introduction to an ‘Iconography of Mediaeval Architecture.’” Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 5.1: 133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Langlands, R. (2018). Exemplary Ethics in Ancient Rome. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leader-Newby, R. (2000). “The David Plates Revisited: Transforming the Secular in Early Byzantium.” Art Bulletin 82.3: 407–27.Google Scholar
Lo Cascio, E. (2008). “The Function of Gold Coinage in the Monetary Economy of the Roman Empire.” In Harris, W. V., ed., The Monetary Systems of the Greeks and Romans. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 160–73.Google Scholar
Lorenz, J. (2020). Römische Medaillons der Severerzeit: Julia Domna, Caracalla und Geta. Schriften zur Klassischen Archäologie 6. Hamburg: Kovač.Google Scholar
Maguire, H. (1997). “Magic and Money in the Early Middle Ages.” Speculum 72.4: 1037–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martiniani-Reber, M. (2015). Donation Janet Zakos: De Rome à Byzanze. Geneva: Musée d’art et d’histoire.Google Scholar
Mastrocinque, A., Sanzo, J. E., and Scapini, M., eds. (2020). Ancient Magic Then and Now. Stuttgart: Steiner.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Metcalf, W. E., ed. (2012). The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Coinage. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Metlich, M. (2003). “Religious Byzantine Medallions and Plaques Struck in Gold.” Israel Numismatic Journal 15: 107–11.Google Scholar
Michel, S. (2004). Die Magischen Gemmen: Zu Bildern und Zauberformeln auf geschnittenen Steinen der Antike und Neuzeit. Berlin: Akademie.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mittag, P. F. (2010). Römische Medaillons. Vol. 1, Caesar bis Hadrian. Stuttgart: Steiner.Google Scholar
Mittag, P. F. (2019). Römische Medaillons. Vol. 2, Antoninus Pius. Stuttgart: Steiner.Google Scholar
Moorhead, S. (2012). “Coinage of the Later Roman Empire, 364–498.” In Metcalf 2012: 601–32.Google Scholar
Morisson, C., and Bendall, S. (2012). “Byzantine ‘Medals’: Coins, Amulets and Piety.” In Sullivan, D., Fisher, E., and Pappaioannou, S., eds., Byzantine Religious Culture: Studies in Honor of Alice Mary Talbot. Leiden: Brill, 217–38.Google Scholar
Nagel, A., and Wood, C. S. (2010). Anachronic Renaissance. New York: Zone.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nagy, Á. M. (2012). “Magical Gems and Classical Archaeology.” In Entwistle, C. and Adams, N., eds., Gems of Heaven: Recent Research on Engraved Gemstones in Late Antiquity, AD 200–600. London: British Museum, 7581.Google Scholar
Nagy, Á. M. (2015). “Engineering Ancient Amulets: Magical Gems of the Roman Imperial Period.” In Boschung, D. and Bremmer, J. N., eds., The Materiality of Magic. Paderborn: Wilhelm Fink, 205–40.Google Scholar
Nesbitt, J. (2016). “Apotropaic Devices on Byzantine Lead Seals and Tokens in the Collections of Dumbarton Oaks and the Fogg Museum of Art.” In Entwistle, C., ed., Through a Glass Brightly: Studies in Byzantine and Medieval Art and Archaeology Presented to David Buckton. Oxford: Oxbow, 107–13.Google Scholar
Nikki, N., and Valkama, K. M. J., eds. (2021). Magic in the Eastern Mediterranean: Cognitive, Historical, and Material Perspectives on the Bible and Its Contexts. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht.Google Scholar
Ogden, J. M. (1990). “Gold Jewellery in Ptolemaic, Roman and Byzantine Egypt.” PhD dissertation, Durham University.Google Scholar
Olsen Lam, A. (2019). “Female Devotion and Mary’s Motherhood before Iconoclasm.” In Arentzen, T. and Cunningham, M. B., eds., The Reception of the Virgin in Byzantium: Marian Narratives in Texts and Images. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 4461.Google Scholar
Osborne, J., and Claridge, A. (1998). Early Christian and Medieval Antiquities. Vol. 2, Other Mosaics, Paintings, Sarcophagi and Small Objects. Paper Museum of Cassiano dal Pozzo, series A: Antiquities and Architecture 2. London: Harvey Miller.Google Scholar
Pannuti, F. (2011). “Lamine auree bizantine dalla Calabria.” In Lippolis, I. Baldini and Morelli, A. L., eds., Oggetti-simbolo: Produzione, uso e significato nel mondo antico. Ornamenta 3. Bologna: Ante Quem, 337–51.Google Scholar
Parker, A., and McKie, S., eds. (2018). Material Approaches to Roman Magic: Occult Objects and Supernatural Substances. Oxford: Oxbow.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Porter, J. I. (2017). “Disfigurations: Erich Auerbach’s Theory of Figura.” Critical Inquiry 44: 80113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Radle, G. (2012). “The Development of Byzantine Marriage Rites as Evidenced by Sinai Gr. 957.” Orientalia christiana periodica 78: 133–48.Google Scholar
Radnoti-Alföldi, M. (2006). “Ein rechgläubiger Christ, ein Römer, einer mit allen herrscherlichen Tugenden soll gewählt warden.” In Seitz, G., ed., Im Dienste Roms: Festschrift für Hans Ulrich Nuber. Remshalden: Greiner, 2733.Google Scholar
Roller, M. B. (2018). Models from the Past in Roman Culture: A World of Exempla. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roma Numismatics Auction. (2014). “Gold Medallion or Enkolpion.” Lot 1144, Roma Numismatics Auction VIII, September 28. London, 281–9.Google Scholar
Ross, M. C. (1957). “A Byzantine Gold Medallion at Dumbarton Oaks.” Dumbarton Oaks Papers 11: 247–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ross, M. C. (2005). Catalogue of the Byzantine and Early Medieval Antiquities in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection. Vol. 2, Jewelry, Enamels, and Art of the Migration Period. 2nd ed., with an addendum by Boyd, S. A. and Zwirn, S. R.. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection.Google Scholar
Sedda, S. (2013). “Sulla Medaglia Aurea della Collezione Christian Schmidt di Monaco di Bavaria.” Theologia & Historica: Annali della Pontificia Facoltà Teologica della Sardegna 22: 417–46.Google Scholar
Smith, E. B. (1914–19). “A Lost Encolpium and Some Notes on Early Christian Iconography.” Byzantinische Zeitschrift 23: 217–25.Google Scholar
Spier, J. (2007). Late Antique and Early Christian Gems. Wiesbaden: Reichert.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stewart, P. (2006). “The Image of the Roman Emperor.” In Shepherd, R. and Maniura, R., eds., Presence: The Inherence of the Prototype within Images and Other Objects. Aldershot: Ashgate, 243–58.Google Scholar
Stolz, Y. (2009). “Kaiserlich oder bürgerlich? Ein Anhänger in München, frühbyzantinische Diademe und anderer Hochzeitsschmuck.” Mitteilungen zur spätantiken Archäologie und byzantinischen Kunstgeschichte 6: 115–35.Google Scholar
Tóth, E. (2005). “Zur Herkunft und Ikonographie der Scheibenfibeln der Keszthely-Kultur.” Zalai Mùzeum 14: 183202.Google Scholar
Toynbee, J. M. C. (1940). “Two New Gold Medallions of the Later Roman Empire.” Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Royal Numismatic Society, 5th ser., vol. 20.77: 923.Google Scholar
Toynbee, J. M. C. (1986). Roman Medallions. Reprint ed. New York: American Numismatic Society.Google Scholar
van den Hoeck, A., Feissel, D., and Herrmann, J. T. (1994). “Lucky Wearers: A Ring in Boston and a Greek Epigraphic Tradition of Late Roman and Byzantine Times.” Journal of the Museum of Fine Arts Boston 6: 4162.Google Scholar
van den Hoeck, A., Feissel, D., and Herrmann, J. T. (2015). “More Lucky Wearers: The Magic of Portable Inscriptions.” In Boschung and Bremmer 2015: 309–56.Google Scholar
Vida, T. (2008). “Conflict and Coexistence: The Local Population of the Carpathian Basin under Avar Rule (Sixth to Seventh Century).” In Curta, F. and Kovalev, R., eds., The Other Europe in the Middle Ages: Avars, Bulgars, Khazars, and Cumans. Vol. 2, East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 450–1450. Leiden: Brill, 1346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vikan, G. (1990). “Art and Marriage in Early Byzantium.” Dumbarton Oaks Papers 44: 145–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Volbach, W. F. (1943–4). “Un medaglione d’oro con l’immagine di San Teodoro nel museo Reggio Calabria.” Archivio storico per la Calabria e la Lucania 13: 6572.Google Scholar
Walker, A. (2002). “Myth and Magic in Early Byzantine Marriage Jewelry: The Persistence of Pre-Christian Traditions.” In McClanan, A. L. and Encarnación, K. R., eds., The Material Culture of Sex, Procreation, and Marriage in Premodern Europe. New York: Palgrave, 5978.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker, A. (2010). “Numismatic and Metrological Parallels for the Iconography of Early Byzantine Marriage Jewelry: The Question of the Crowned Bride.” In Morrisson, C., ed., Mélanges Cécile Morrisson. Trauvaus et mémoires 16. Paris: Association des amis du Centre d’histoire et civilisation de Byzance, 849–63.Google Scholar
Walker, S., and Bierbrier, M., eds. (2000). Ancient Faces: Mummy Portraits from Roman Egypt. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Watson, L. (2019). Magic in Ancient Greece and Rome. London: Bloomsbury.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, E. D. (2014). “‘Into the Hands of a Well-Known Antiquary of Cairo’: The Assiut Treasure and the Making of an Archaeological Hoard.” West 86th: A Journal of Decorative Arts, Design History, and Material Culture 21.2: 251–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Accessibility standard: WCAG 2.1 AA

The PDF of this book complies with version 2.1 of the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG), covering newer accessibility requirements and improved user experiences and achieves the intermediate (AA) level of WCAG compliance, covering a wider range of accessibility requirements.

Content Navigation

Table of contents navigation
Allows you to navigate directly to chapters, sections, or non‐text items through a linked table of contents, reducing the need for extensive scrolling.
Index navigation
Provides an interactive index, letting you go straight to where a term or subject appears in the text without manual searching.

Reading Order & Textual Equivalents

Single logical reading order
You will encounter all content (including footnotes, captions, etc.) in a clear, sequential flow, making it easier to follow with assistive tools like screen readers.
Short alternative textual descriptions
You get concise descriptions (for images, charts, or media clips), ensuring you do not miss crucial information when visual or audio elements are not accessible.

Visual Accessibility

Use of colour is not sole means of conveying information
You will still understand key ideas or prompts without relying solely on colour, which is especially helpful if you have colour vision deficiencies.

Structural and Technical Features

ARIA roles provided
You gain clarity from ARIA (Accessible Rich Internet Applications) roles and attributes, as they help assistive technologies interpret how each part of the content functions.

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge-org.demo.remotlog.com is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×