This chapter highlights US Central American poetic responses to the increased social significance of legality, a ripple effect of the 1990s. The chapter expands Carolyn Forché’s concept of poetry of witness, testimonial verse foregrounding extremity, to include the nexus between constructions of illegality for many Central American refugees and legacies of US colonialism. The chapter considers what new insights might emerge from drawing on the conventions of witness poetries that incorporate both war trauma and Central American child migration. The chapter focuses on the Central American child and how it has been reconfigured in the poetic work of Afro-Panamanian Darrel Alejandro Holnes, Guatemalan American Maya Chinchilla, and Honduran American Roy G. Guzmán. Finally, it treats the poetry collection Unaccompanied (2017) by Salvadoran American Javier Zamora and shows that unaccompanied poetics can reimagine perspectives from (formerly) stateless children and confront the artificial stratifications of legal statuses.

This chapter focusses on the rise of humanitarian literature relating to the southern hemisphere settler colonies of Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa in the 1830s, when humanitarian concerns about the treatment of Indigenous peoples coincided with the abolition of chattel slavery and the proliferation of coerced and indentured labour. It examines how travel writing and poetry of witness encouraged humanitarian intervention on colonial frontiers, often by ventriloquising the voices of Indigenous peoples in the aftermath of violent massacres. It considers the wider networks and print media in which humanitarian literatures originated, such as open letters, religious tracts, treaties, and petitions. The chapter argues for the importance of a sentimentalised aesthetics of eyewitness immediatism drawn from abolitionist literature in shaping (and distorting) attitudes towards Indigenous peoples. It considers what the framework of humanitarianism can tell us about the literary culture of the 1830s and about the period’s cultural politics of emotion, as metropolitan social commentators sought to redirect sympathetic norms away from distant suffering and towards white poverty at home.