Stories of fallen Kurdish revolutionaries who return to the living in dreams, and of Druze souls who circulate across securitized borders gesture at forms of vitality and animation that persist beyond biological death. In this article, we have put forward the concept of “insurgent immortality” to make sense of the political potency of revolutionary martyrs and past lives among Kurdish communities from Turkey and Syrian Druze communities in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights. By insisting on the immortality of their dead, we argue, these stateless communities articulate a claim to counter-sovereignty. What makes these communities’ practices aimed at mastering and transcending death different from the sovereignty claimed by nation-states is that apparitions of dead martyrs and past lives work as expansive, boundary-crossing mechanisms, rather than the territorializing logics of enclosure and containment that mark state sovereignty. The immortality we describe in this article is insurgent because it relies on the recognition and cultivation of long-term exchange relations between the living and the dead, through which debt becomes a modality of generative expansion across both this and otherworldly times and spaces. The resulting sense of generalized indebtedness opens up spaces of liminality in which the dead come alive as both inspiring and unsettling figures. We develop insurgent immortality as a comparative concept that emerges from the specific ethnography of each case yet reaches across their contextual boundedness. In this way, we hope to inspire renewed conversation about shared trajectories of resistance, including its ambivalences, that arise in contexts of statelessness, occupation, and disenfranchisement.

While economists recognize the important role of formal institutions in the promotion of trade, there is increasing agreement that institutions are typically endogenous to culture, making it difficult to disentangle their separate contributions. Lab experiments that assign institutions exogenously and measure and control individual cultural characteristics can allow for clean identification of the effects of institutions, conditional on culture, and help us understand the relationship between behavior and culture, under a given institutional framework. We focus on cultural tendencies toward individualism/collectivism, which social psychologists highlight as an important determinant of many behavioral differences across groups and people. We design an experiment to explore the relationship between subjects’ degree of individualism/collectivism and their willingness to abandon a repeated, bilateral exchange relationship in order to seek potentially more lucrative trade with a stranger, under enforcement institutions of varying strength. Overall, we find that individualists tend to seek out trade more often than collectivists. A diagnostic treatment and additional analysis suggests that this difference may reflect both differential altruism/favoritism to in-group members and different reactions to having been cheated in the past. This difference is mitigated somewhat as the effectiveness of enforcement institutions increases. Nevertheless we see that cultural dispositions are associated with willingness to seek out trade, regardless of institutional environment.

In the standard trust game the surplus is increased by the risk taking first mover while cooperation by the second mover is a one-to-one transfer. This paper reports results from experiments in which the reverse holds; the first mover's risky trust is not productive and the second mover's cooperation is productive. This subtle difference significantly lowers the likelihood of trust but increases the likelihood of cooperation conditional on trust. Evidence is presented that the change in trust is consistent with first movers failing to anticipate the later result. Drawing upon the analogy that the trust game represents a model of exchange, the results suggest that markets should be organized so that the buyer moves first and not the seller as in the original trust game.

The proposed 2nd Anglo-Japanese civilian exchange, originally planned for October 1942, never eventuated partly due to differences in the interpretations of what constitutes a merchant seaman and views on whether the Hague Convention should apply. The failure of the exchange meant that over 3,000 Japanese and British civilian internees as well as another 2,000 or so Japanese and American civilian internees remained in internment camps until at least August 1945. At the heart of the negotiations were 331 Japanese pilots and pearl divers who had been employed in the pearling industry until the outbreak of war. The impasse would impact attempts at civilian exchange involving multiple powers throughout the Asia-Pacific War.

Representations of the human body are ubiquitous in cultures across the world. Beyond the aesthetic, figurines transmit deeper meanings that were readily decodable by their intended audience and may still offer sociocultural insights despite the loss of this coding through time. The discovery of a rare tableau of ‘Bolinas’-type clay figurines dating to 410–380 BC at San Isidro, El Salvador, now permits the theoretical reconstruction of a less stratified Preclassic society in south-east Mesoamerica and the exploration of its spheres of interaction, which may have stretched along the coast from Guatemala to Costa Rica.

According to the model of exchange as mutual assistance, an exchange can be perceived as a joint activity for mutual benefit – and needn’t involve any self-directed motives at all. This essay pushes back against this new defence of market motives. The essay develops an alternative ideal of production as caring solidarity, in which production is a joint activity of caring about one another. Points of overlap and difference are developed in some detail. The essay concludes by discussing the implications for an economics of caring solidarity, with discussion of the limitations of various market socialist strategies.

X-ray superlattice reflections, infrared spectroscopy, and chemical analyses have established that cetylpyridinium bromide (CPB) is highly ordered when adsorbed on vermiculite. The molecules, which stand at about 57° to the silicate surface, form close-packed arrays. Full surface coverage is achieved only for the most highly charged vermiculites. The packing within the arrays accounted for the superlattice observed and each adsorbed molecule had an area of 18.4 Å2 at the surface. The implications of these findings for the CPB method used in soil surface area studies are discussed.

A laboratory study of cadmium exchangeability revealed large differences in extractable cadmium which are dependent on the exchange solution being utilized. The standard exchange solutions employed in this study were: N NaNO3, N NaOAc, N NH4OAc, NCaCl2, and 2N CaCl2, in order of increasing Cd removal. An interpretation of the chemical behavior of Cd and an experiment with mixed sodium nitrate and acetate solutions suggest that cadmium carbonate, octavite, was precipitated when the sediments were saturated with Cd prior to the exchange experiments and that the quantities of Cd recovered in the acetate solutions were erroneously high because of the dissolution of the carbonate material. Dissolution of solid phases, the lack of pH buffering, and the possible formation of a complex hydroxyl chloride salt also made the Cd values obtained with the chloride solutions too high. Sodium nitrate exchange solutions minimize these problems and are thought to best represent the exchangeable cadmium in the sediment.

The adsorption of Cu2+ on kaolinite was studied at different ionic strengths following various treatments of the mineral surface in order to evaluate the conditions influencing adsorption. The data indicate a strong preference of the Na+ exchange form of kaolinite for Cu2+ but a weak affinity of the natural kaolinite for Cu2+. Protons are generated by Cu2+ adsorption, a result of the exchange of surface protons, and possibly the enhancement of Cu2+ hydrolysis at the kaolinite surfaces. The exchange of Na+ by Cu2+ on the kaolinite is not described by the mass-action equation, but can be interpreted in terms of permanent charge sites on the surfaces when the additional factors of Na+-H3O+ exchange and blockage of sites by Al ions are considered.

Exchange reactions of Na-montmorillonite with zirconyl chloride solutions give products with basal spacings near 18 Å which are stable to 500°C and have surface areas of the order of 300–400 m2/g. The Na ions are exchanged with tetrameric hydroxy cations [Zr4(OH)14•nH2O]2+. The high surface area is attributed to the porosity formed by stable zirconium oxide “pillars” formed by dehydroxylation of the complex cation. The nitrogen adsorption isotherms are of Langmuir type and are consistent with adsorption in interlayer micropores. Reduced-charge montmorillonites, formed by application of the Hofmann-Klemen procedure, give either similar or slightly smaller surface areas.

The adsorption mechanism of iso-propylammonium (PAH+), the cationic component of Roundup, by various homoionic montmorillonites and the structures of the associations obtained in the interlayer space were investigated, using infrared, X-ray, and carbon analysis methods. Adsorption from aqueous and ethanol solutions of Roundup was studied. The infrared spectra were compared with those obtained by the treatment of montmorillonites with ethanol and CCl4 solutions of the free iso-propylamine (PA). The adsorption of PA from ethanol gives rise to protonation of the amine. PA sorbed from CCl4 solution forms an ammonium-amine association. Adsorption of PAH+ from alcohol solution of Roundup occurs by the mechanism of cation exchange. With transition metal exchangeable cations, PAH+ is sorbed in excess, forming hydrogen bonds between NH3+ groups and hydroxyls resulting from dissociation of water molecules. The process of adsorption of PAH+ from aqueous solutions of Roundup depends on the concentration of the solution. If montmorillonite is reacted with 0.5% solution of Roundup, PAH+ is adsorbed by exchanging metal cations and the adsorption capacity of the clay does not exceed the c.e.c. If the montmorillonite is reacted with 5.0% solution of Roundup, the PAH+ exchanges protons originating from the hydrolysis of the interlayer water. Protons which are transferred from the interlayer space to the water solution are accepted by the anion component of Roundup. The amounts of PAH+ adsorbed from concentrated Roundup solutions are much higher than the cation exchange capacity of montmorillonite. Hydrogen bonds are formed between the ammonium and water or hydroxyl groups on the interlayer space. With the trivalent exchange ions Al and Fe, which tend to polymerize in the interlayer space, excess sorption gives rise to hydrogen bonding of NH3+ to oxygen of the polymer.

The binding of tris-bipyridyl metal complexes of the type M(bp)32+ (M = Fe2+, Cu2+, Ru2+) to hectorite surfaces is shown to occur by two mechanisms. (1) replacement of Na+ ions in the native mineral by cation exchange up to its cation exchange capacity and (2) intersalation of excess salt beyond the exchange capacity. In the cation exchange mechanism, the binding of metal complex is strongly favored over Na+. The intersalation reactions are dependent on the nature of the counter-anion: SO42-, Br- > CIO4−, Cl−. The homoionic M(bp)32+-hectorites, which exhibit rational 18 Å X-ray reflections, have been characterized with regard to their BET surface areas, water adsorption isotherms, types of water present, selected reactions in the intercalated state, and orientation of the complex ions in the interlayer regions. Mixed Fe(bp)32+, Na+-hectorites have also been examined and the results suggest segregation of the two ions between interlayers or within interlayers. Solid state intersalated phases have been isolated with 18 Å and 29.5 Å spacings. In general, surface areas of the intersalated phases are low, but the 18 Å phase derived from [Fe(bp)3]SO4 adsorption shows a high surface area, which even exceeds the surface area of homoionic Fe(bp)32+-hectorite.

The exchange of various alkylammonium cations from aqueous solution by sodium laponite has been studied. The affinity of the clay for these organic cations was linearly related to the molecular weight, molecular size or chain length of the alkylammonium ions. The affinity for the clay increases regularly with increasing chain length of the primary amines. A comparison of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, containing the same alkylgroups shows that the affinity increases in the order R1NH3+ < R2NH2+ < R3NH+. These affinity sequences were attributed to important van der Waals contributions and changes in ion hydration states. The thermodynamic excess function, ΔGmE, was calculated and indicated that with respect to the pure homoionic forms the heterogeneous Na+-alkylammonium surface phases were more stable than they would be if the mixing were ideal.