Introduction. The conservation status of many wild fruit tree species thatsupport rural people in Africa remains poorly documented despite its importance for theirmanagement. We compared the viability of tamarind (Tamarindus indica)populations, a dry land species that has nutritional, medicinal and cultural importancefor rural communities, under different human-pressure levels. Materials andmethods. The data relative to the tree diameter and height as well as the numberof adults and stems were collected in plots of inventory and made it possible to calculatethe dendrometric parameters for each targeted population, and to establish their diameterdistribution. The dendrometric characteristics were analyzed by using nonparametric testsand the diameter distribution was adjusted to a truncated normal distribution.Results and discussion. Numbers of mature tamarind trees per hectare andregeneration (expressed as stem·ha–1) were relatively low, suggesting tamarindpopulations may not be self-rejuvenating. Nonetheless, significant variation occurredbetween habitat types (P < 0.001). Mature tree density in galleryforests [(18.2 ± 10.1) trees·ha–1] was three to eight times higher than that ofsavannah woodlands [(5 ± 4.5) trees·ha–1] and farmlands[(2.5 ± 0.4) trees·ha–1]. Young plants followed the same trend, with(11.2 ± 9.3) plants·ha–1, (1.1 ± 0.6) plants·ha–1, and0.00 plants·ha–1, respectively. Diameter size class distributions departedfrom normality (P < 0.0001) and coefficient of skewness waspositive irrespective of habitat type, indicating declining populations. However, mediandiameter values would suggest the species’ populations in farmlands and savannah woodlandsto be more vulnerable than those occurring in gallery forests. These findings wouldsuggest that gallery forests best suit tamarind in situ conservation. Theobserved severe reduction of trees and juveniles in farmlands and woodlands may negativelyimpact the long-term viability of tamarind populations. Juveniles’ introduction intofarmlands may be needed to ensure conservation in agroforestry systems.