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Index

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 September 2025

Joshua Yuvaraj  and
Rebecca Giblin
Joshua Yuvaraj
Affiliation:
University of Auckland
Rebecca Giblin
Affiliation:
Melbourne Law School

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Type
Chapter
Information
Copyright Reversion
Reclaiming Lost Culture and Getting Creators Paid
 , pp. 175 - 182
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2025
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NC
This content is Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence CC-BY-NC 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/cclicenses/

Index

Adams, Bryan, 55, 126
ADR (alternative dispute resolution) procedures, 168–169
AI (artificial intelligence), 2, 20, 30, 153–154
Amazon, 10, 26, 58
Are Contracts Enough? study. See contractual reversion rights, empirical research on
arguments against reversion rights. See criticisms made of reversion rights
Arnold, Richard, 85
artificial intelligence (AI), 2, 20, 30, 153–154
audiobooks, 2
audiovisual works
exploitation-based reversion right (France and Belgium), 99
‘Terms of Trade’ negotiation duties (UK), 59–62, 151, 156, 158
unmet demand for, 15–16
video games, 12, 26–27
Australia
contract termination on liquidation, 132
contractual reversion rights in. See contractual reversion rights, empirical research on
Imperial reversion right, adoption and repeal, 37, 42
Imperial right generally. See Imperial Act (Copyright Act 1911)
term of copyright protection, 8, 134
unfair contract terms, ADR to challenge, 169
unmet demand for literary works (Untapped research project), 13–15, 22, 142–143, 147, 152, 170
Australian Publishing Association, 141–142
Australian Society of Authors
archived publisher contracts. See contractual reversion rights, empirical research on
on ‘out of print’ definition, 129–130, 141–142
Austria, statutory reversion rights
exploitation-based triggers, 97, 99–100, 118–119, 123, 159
waivers prohibited after three years, 103, 123, 159
Author’s Interest Project, 21–22, 93, 126–127
automatic reversion (design option), 58, 170–172
Belgium, statutory reversion rights, 99
Bently, Lionel, 33, 35–37, 64–65
Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works 1886, 5, 38, 40, 43
best practice principles for reversion mechanisms
1. investment incentives should be maintained, 151–152, 159, 165
2. should be industry specific, 152–153, 157
3. should have appropriate triggers, 153–154
4. should be kept fit for purpose, 154–156, 167–168
5. should be clear and certain by design, 156–158, 167
6. should be protected against contractual subversion. See waivers of statutory reversion rights
7. should have appropriate carve-outs, 163–167
8. should promote enforceability, 167–170
ideal system imagined, 170–173
summary of main arguments, 31, 149–151, 173–174
Bevan, Fiona, 18–19
Big Tech firms, 26, 57–58, See also particular firms
Bill for the better Encouragement of Learning… (1737), 34, 91
books. See literary works
Boyle, James, 26
Braithwaite, John, 21
Brauneis, Robert, 87–88
British Commonwealth, statutory reversion rights. See statutory reversion rights
Bulgaria, statutory reversion rights, 95, 101, 123
Burgess, Richard James, 18
Canada
authorship of works-for-hire, 164
Imperial reversion right
criticisms of, 49–51, 170
Imperial right generally. See Imperial Act (Copyright Act 1911)
litigation applying, 48–49
statutory reversion rights, proposals for, 55–56
term of copyright protection, 55
carve-outs from reversion rights
for collective works, 47, 100–101, 166–167
generally, 163–164
for specific works, 100–101
when rightsholder not responsible for underexploitation, 100
for works-for-hire, 72–77, 101–102, 164–165
Cavendish, JM, 39, 128
Charles, Ray, 80
choice of law/forum clauses, 83–85, 158, 161–163, See also waivers of statutory reversion rights
Clark, Charles, 145
Clemens, Samuel (Mark Twain), 65, 153
Clinton, George, 88
collective agreements on reversion rights
French-style ‘living rights’ via, 155–158, 167–170
waivers of statutory rights restricted to, 103, 112–113, 120–123, 159–160
collective works, 47, 57, 59, 100–101, 166–167
Commonwealth, statutory reversion rights. See statutory reversion rights
computer games, 12, 26
Conger (eighteenth-century bookseller syndicate), 35
contracts assigning copyright. See licences assigning copyright
contractual reversion rights
earliest known example, 2
liquidation rights, 132, 140
model terms development project, 148
‘out-of-print’ clauses, 1, 127–131, 150–151
empirical research on. See contractual reversion rights, empirical research on
structural limitations
excessive duration, 146–147
expense of legal advice, 145–146
poor drafting, 146
power imbalances, 144–145, 169
public interest ignored, 147–148
slowness to evolve, 146
summary of main arguments, 30–31, 125–127, 148
territorial use-it-or-lose-it rights, 131–132
contractual reversion rights, empirical research on
aims and methodology, 132–134
conclusions, 141–144
enforcement challenges (findings from Untapped project), 142–143, 147
length and breadth of copyright assignments, 134–136, 140–141
liquidation rights lacking, 140
notice periods, 137–140
‘out of print,’ definitions of, 136–137
payment required to reclaim rights, 140
contractual waivers of reversion rights. See waivers of statutory reversion rights
Cooper, Elena, 38
Copinger and Skone James on Copyright, 39, 41–42
Copyright Act 1710 (Statute of Anne), 2, 4, 33–36, 62–64
Copyright Act 1911. See Imperial Act (Copyright Act 1911)
copyright bargain evaluated
aims, incentives and rewards of copyright, 3–6, 20–21, 151
best practice principles for reforms. See best practice principles for reversion mechanisms
blurring of incentives and rewards, 6
excessiveness of terms (when mapped to incentives), 6–9
no obligation for rightsholders to exploit works, 11–16
orphaned works problem, 12–13, 58, 172–173
rewards diverted away from creators, 16–20, 29, 164
untested arguments for term extensions, 5, 9–11, 29
copyright reversion. See contractual reversion rights; statutory reversion rights
copyright terms of protection, See also time-based triggers of reversion
in Australia, 8, 134
in Canada, 55
EU Term Extension Directive, 8–9, 95–96, 105–109
evaluated. See copyright bargain evaluated
licence terms on, 12
under international agreements, 8–9
in US, 5, 9–10, 29
copyright works. See audiovisual works; literary works; sound recordings
Courtney, Leonard, 1st Baron Courtney of Penwith, 38–39
criticisms made of reversion rights
adverse impact on small publishers, 57–58
defeatable by testamentary disposition, 50
freedom of contract curtailment, 23–27, 35, 57, 111, 126
insult to authors, 27–28, 66–67, 69
loss of works to the public, 57, 111
reduced creator pay, 28–30, 50, 57
testamentary freedom curtailed, 79–80, 160–161
uncertainty for publishers, 50–51
Croatia, statutory reversion rights, 97–98, 118–119, 121
Crosby, Paul, 8, 13
cultural depreciation, 7, 12
Curthoys, Ann, 143
Czech Republic, statutory reversion rights, 97, 101–102, 118–119, 123
Day, Katherine, 144
Dean, Owen, 45, 56, 59
Deazley, Ronan, 34
DeCarlo, Daniel, 77–78
Delahunt, Meaghan, 143
Denmark, statutory reversion rights, 91–92, 97, 103, 159
derivative works, 2, 8, 98, 135, 153–154, 165–166
Dickens, Charles, 39
digital dissemination of cultural works
AI (artificial intelligence) for, 2, 20, 30, 153–154
Big Tech firms dominating, 26
digital underexploitation as trigger for reversion, 98–99, 109, 117–118, 154
ebook lending to libraries, 2, 10–11, 152
print-on-demand services, 2, 129–130, 136–137
streaming services, 7, 15–16, 18–20, 26–27, 60–61
Digital Single Market Directive (EU), See also exploitation-based triggers of reversion
ADR (alternative dispute resolution) procedures, 168–169
Article 22 (use-it-or-lose-it reversion right)
background and first proposals, 61, 110–112, 114–116, 159
contractual waivers, scope for, 115, 120–121
enacted version, 112–114
enforcement challenges, 115, 168–169
implementations, 118–119, 121–124
‘lack of exploitation’ standard, uncertainty over, 116–120
choice of law clauses undermining prohibited, 162
fair remuneration and transparency rights, 21, 111, 113, 166, 174
representative organisations, rights of standing, 170
summary of main arguments, 51–54, 110, 124, 152, 154
Disney, 26, 44–46, 81–82
Doctorow, Cory, 19, 31
Drahos, Peter, 21
Duran Duran, 84, 86, 161–162
ebook lending to libraries, 2, 10–11, 152
employee works exemptions from reversion rights, 72–77, 101–102, 164–165
enforcement challenges
design of mechanisms to promote enforceability, 167–170
for contractual reversion rights (findings from Untapped project), 142–143, 147
retaliation concerns, 107–108, 144, 168–170
for statutory reversion rights in Europe, 107–108, 115, 168–169
for US termination right, 77–79, 157, 167
Estonia, statutory reversion rights, 123
EU copyright law
DSM Directive. See Digital Single Market Directive (EU)
Term Extension Directive, 8–9, 95–96, 105–109
Europe, statutory reversion rights in
exploitation-based triggers. See exploitation-based triggers of reversion
limitations, 104–105
contractual waivers, scope for, 102–103, 110, 115, 120–121
enforcement challenges, 107–108, 115, 168–169
ineffective triggers, 105–106
lack of information, 107
poor design, 108–109
rights unsuited to digital context, 109–110
uncertainty, 106–107, 116–120
origins
Danish Copyright Ordinance (1741), 91–92
Prussian law proposals (1794), 92–93
Spanish Intellectual Property Law (1879), 93–94
summary of main arguments, 90
time-based triggers, 96
of EU Term Extension Directive, 8–9, 95–96, 105–109
overview of regimes, 94–95
UK. See United Kingdom, statutory reversion rights
exemptions from reversion rights. See carve-outs from reversion rights
exploitation-based triggers of reversion
advantages, 150–151
best practice principles for. See best practice principles for reversion mechanisms
contractual. See contractual reversion rights
digital underexploitation, 98–99, 109, 117–118, 154
EU law provision. See Digital Single Market Directive (EU), Article 22
exemptions. See carve-outs from reversion rights
general, 97, 118–119
industry-specific, 97–99, 153, 157
situation-specific, 99–100
underexploitation of works problem, 11–16
Facebook, 26
films. See audiovisual works
‘financier’s copyright’, 21
Finland, statutory reversion rights, 98, 100
foreign choice of law/forum clauses, 83–85, 158, 161–163, See also waivers of statutory reversion rights
France, statutory reversion rights
exploitation-based triggers, 98–99, 117–118, 123, 153
‘living rights’ via collective agreements, 155–158, 167–169
physical and digital uses distinguished, 98, 109, 154
‘Terms of Trade’ negotiation duties, 60–61
time-based triggers, 95
Fred Fisher judgment (US Supreme Court, 1943), 66–68
freedom of contract critique of reversion rights, 23–27, 35, 57, 111, 126
Fromer, Jeanne C, 5
Furgal, Ula, 93, 98
Gallo Records, 43–46
Garcia, Kristelia A, 7
generative AI (artificial intelligence), 20, 30, 153–154
Germany, statutory reversion rights, 97, 102–103, 115, 118–119
Gervais, Daniel, 55
Giblin, Rebecca
ideal system of reversion rights imagined by, 170–173
other mentions, 6, 10–11, 19, 31
research projects. See research projects on reversion rights
Ginsburg, Jane C, 33, 35–37, 64–65, 85, 162
Glazier, Mitch, 74–75
Gloucester Place Music judgment (English High Court, 2016), 84, 86, 161–162
Gompel, Stef van, 117
Google, 26
Graff, George, 66
Guibault, Lucie, 102–104
Hall & Oates, 88
Heald, Paul, 10, 164–165
history of statutory reversion rights. See statutory reversion rights
Howard, Harlan Perry, 88
Howard, Linda, 88
Hugenholtz, P. Bernt, 102
Hugo, Victor, 172
Hungary, statutory reversion rights, 97, 103, 123, 159
ideal system of reversion rights, 170–173
Imperial Act (Copyright Act 1911)
enactment of reversion rights, 37–40, 94
repeals (1956-68), 40–43
potential benefits to author heirs, 43, 62
Canadian experience, 48–49
criticisms of Canadian Imperial right, 49–51
‘Mbube’/’Wimoweh’/’The Lion Sleeps Tonight’ saga, 43–46
Redwood Music litigation saga, 46–48
Innocents Abroad (Twain), 65
intellectual property clause, US Constitution, 4
Ireland, statutory reversion rights, 119–120, 123
Italy, statutory reversion rights, 95, 100–101, 153
Johansen, David, 76
Johnson, Eric E, 25
jointly authored works, 47, 57, 59, 100–101, 166–167
Kaminstein, Abraham L, 68
Karp, Irwin, 28, 69–70, 88
Kelley, Thomas P, 48–49
King, Stephen, 88
Kirsch, Jonathan, 128
Krentz, Jayne, 88
Kretschmer, Martin, 7
Landes, William M, 7
Lawson, Airlie, 13, 142
Levinson, Barry, 15–16
licences assigning copyright
extending terms of copyright protection, 12
freedom of contract critique of reversion rights, 23–27, 35, 57, 111, 126
length and breadth of rights assigned (research finding), 134–136, 140–141
record industry recoupment terms, 18
record industry royalty rates, 19, 171–172
reversion rights in. See contractual reversion rights
sub-licences, 8, 29, 143
unfair terms, 104–105, 169
waivers of reversion rights. See waivers of statutory reversion rights
Ligature Press, 13, 152
Linda, Solomon, 43–46
‘Lion Sleeps Tonight, The’/‘Mbube’/‘Wimoweh’ saga, 43–46
liquidation, reversion in the event of, 132, 140
literary works
depreciation of economic value, 7
derivative works and translations, 2, 8, 98, 135, 153–154, 165–166
digital dissemination. See digital dissemination of cultural works
‘out-of-print’ clauses, 1, 127–131, 150–151
effectiveness. See contractual reversion rights, empirical research on
sales on re-entry to public domain, 10–11
unmet demand for (Untapped research project), 13–15, 22, 142–143, 147, 152, 170
Lithuania, statutory reversion rights, 98, 101, 123, 154
Litman, Jessica, 29
Live Nation Entertainment, 26
‘living rights’ via collective agreements on reversion rights, 155–158, 167–169
Lopez-Tarruella, Aurelio, 105–109
Luxembourg, statutory reversion rights, 123
Macaulay, Thomas Babington, 4
Macomber, Debbie, 88
Malan, Rian, 43–45
Malawi, statutory reversion rights, 51–52
Malta, statutory reversion rights, 119
Manges, Horace S, 70
Martin, Ann M, 88
Mauritius, statutory reversion rights, 51–52
‘Mbube’/’Wimoweh’/’The Lion Sleeps Tonight’ saga, 43–46
McCartney, Paul, 76
McCrary, Justin, 7
Milne, AA, estate of, 81–83
Miriam Rose Stern Agency, 47
Model Law on Copyright project (WIPO), 148
Montgomery, LM, 49
Morgenstern, Jay, 67–68
Morricone, Ennio, 84–85, 162–163
movies. See audiovisual works
multi-authored works, 47, 57, 59, 100–101, 166–167
Murray, Brian, 154
musical works. See sound recordings
Nauru, statutory reversion rights, 51–52
Netflix, 60–61
Netherlands, statutory reversion rights
criticisms of, 106, 108–110, 117
outlined, 97, 100, 103, 118–119, 121, 162
proposed reform (2010), 111
New Zealand
Imperial reversion right, adoption and repeal, 37, 41–43
Imperial right generally. See Imperial Act (Copyright Act 1911)
unfair contract terms, ADR to challenge, 169
Nicolai, Friedrich, 92
Oliar, Dotan, 87–88
orphaned works, 12–13, 58, 172–173
Osborne, Richard, 23
‘out-of-print’ clauses
effectiveness. See contractual reversion rights, empirical research on
generally, 1, 127–131, 150–151
Pallante, Maria, 77
Pascal, Francine, 88
Patterson, Lyman Ray, 34–35
Pelly, Liz, 20
performers’ rights (EU law), 96, 108–109
Peters, Marybeth, 74
Poland statutory reversion rights, 97, 101, 114
Portugal, statutory reversion rights, 95, 98, 106, 123
Posner, Richard A, 7
principles for reversion mechanisms. See best practice principles for reversion mechanisms
print-on-demand services, 2, 129–130, 136–137
public service broadcasters, 59–61
publishers’ criticisms of reversion rights. See criticisms made of reversion rights
Ramalho, Ana, 105–109
Ramaphosa, Cyril, 57
Ransom, Harry H, 33
record industry. See sound recordings
Recording Industry Association of America, 74–75
Redwood Music litigation saga, 46–48
research projects on reversion rights
Are Contracts Enough? study. See contractual reversion rights, empirical research on
Author’s Interest Project, 21–22, 93, 126–127
limitations of current study, 22–23
on US termination rights, 22, 87–88
Untapped the Australian Literary Heritage Project, 13–15, 22, 142–143, 147, 152, 170
retaliation concerns about enforcing reversion rights, 107–108, 144, 168–170
reversion rights. See contractual reversion rights; statutory reversion rights
Ricketson, Sam, 4–5
rightsholders’ criticisms of reversion rights. See criticisms made of reversion rights
Roberts, Nora, 88
Romania, statutory reversion rights, 97–98, 103, 118–119
Rosen, Hilary, 74
Rub, Guy A, 145
Salamanca, Olivia, 102–104
Samuelson, Pamela, 77
Schuster, Jerry and Joe, 16–17
Seeger, Pete, 44
Sirinelli, Pierre, 162
Slovakia, statutory reversion rights, 98, 101–103, 118–119, 121
Smith, Adam, 35–36
Society of Authors (UK), 61, 128–129, 131
sound recordings
as collective works, 47
consolidation of music industry, 26–27
depreciation of economic value, 7
EU reversion rights for, 8–9, 95–96
French Code of Good Practice for the publication of, 156
litigation respecting
Gloucester Place Music judgment (English High Court, 2016), 84, 86, 161–162
‘Mbube’/’Wimoweh’/’The Lion Sleeps Tonight’ saga, 43–46
Redwood Music saga, 46–48
rewards diverted away from artists, 18–20, 29, 164
UK proposed reversion rights for, 61–62, 151–152
unmet demand for, 15
US termination right, application to, 72–77
South Africa, statutory reversion rights
‘Mbube’/’Wimoweh’/’The Lion Sleeps Tonight’ saga, 43–46
proposals for, 56–59, 170
Spain, statutory reversion rights
exploitation-based triggers, 98–99, 121, 153–154
time-based triggers, 58–59, 93–95, 102–103, 160
Spotify, 26–27, 30
St John, Madeleine, 1, 128
statutory reversion rights
best practice principles for. See best practice principles for reversion mechanisms
Bill for the better Encouragement of Learning… (1737), 34, 91
in Commonwealth jurisdictions, overview, 52–54
contractual waivers of. See waivers of statutory reversion rights
in European jurisdictions. See Europe, statutory reversion rights in
of Imperial Act. See Imperial Act (Copyright Act 1911)
in specific jurisdictions. See jurisdiction name
of Statute of Anne (Copyright Act 1710), 2, 4, 33–36, 62–64
repealed in 1814 reform, 36–37
summary of main arguments, 30, 32–33, 62
‘Terms of Trade’ negotiation duties (UK), 59–62, 151, 156, 158
Steinbeck, John, estate of, 80–83
Stern, Miriam, 46–48
streaming services, 7, 15–16, 18–20, 26–27, 60–61
Stringer, Rob, 18
sub-licences, 8, 29, 143
Sun, Hyojung, 23
Sweden, statutory reversion rights, 98, 100
Tanzania, statutory reversion rights, 51–52
Tarantino, Bob, 49–51
technological dissemination. See digital dissemination of cultural works
television shows. See audiovisual works
Term Extension Directive (EU), 8–9, 95–96, 105–109
termination right, US. See US termination right
terms of copyright protection. See copyright terms of protection
‘Terms of Trade’ negotiations for audiovisual works, 59–62, 151, 156, 158
testamentary freedom critique of reversion rights, 79–80, 160–161
Thompson, John, 14
time-based triggers of reversion, See also copyright terms of protection
advantages, 150, 156
automatic application (design option), 58, 170–172
best practice principles for. See best practice principles for reversion mechanisms
in Europe. See under Europe, statutory reversion rights in
in US. See US termination right
waiver prohibitions for, 160
Torno, Barry, 27–28
Towse, Ruth, 26
translations of literary works, 2, 8, 98, 135, 153–154, 165–166
Turner, Sharon, 36
Twain, Mark (Samuel Clemens), 65, 153
unfair terms in copyright licences, 104–105, 169
United Kingdom
Society of Authors, 61, 128–129, 131
statutory reversion rights
EU Term Extension Directive implementation, 108–109
of Imperial Act. See Imperial Act (Copyright Act 1911)
proposals for, 61–62, 151–152
of Statute of Anne (Copyright Act 1710), 2, 4, 33–36, 62–64
repealed in 1814 reform, 36–37
‘Terms of Trade’ negotiation duties, 59–62, 151, 156, 158
United States
authorship of works-for-hire, 164
constitutional intellectual property clause, 4
term of copyright extension, 5, 9–10, 29
termination right. See US termination right
Untapped the Australian Literary Heritage Project, 13–15, 22, 142–143, 147, 152, 170
US termination right
derivative works carveout, 165
enforcement challenges, 77–79, 157, 167
evolution
current regime adoption (1976), 68, 70–71
first enactment (1790), 63–64
Fred Fisher judgment (Supreme Court, 1943), 66–68
proposed reforms (1960s), 68–70
revised regime (1831), 64–65
revised regime (1909), 65–66
inalienability, controversies arising, 79, 85–86
foreign law used to circumvent, 83–85, 161–163
statutory heirs deprived of termination rights, 80–83
testamentary freedom curtailed, 79–80, 160–161
sound recordings, application to, 72–77
successful creators privileged, 86–88
summary of main arguments, 5, 63, 88–89, 152
use-it-or-lose-it rights
contractual. See contractual reversion rights
statutory. See Digital Single Market Directive (EU), Article 22 ; Europe, statutory reversion rights in
Vercoe, Elizabeth, 77
video games, 12, 26
Visser, J.G., 110
Waite, John, 76
waivers of statutory reversion rights
European jurisdictions, scope for waivers, 102–103, 110, 115, 120–121
foreign choice of law/forum clauses, 83–85, 158, 161–163
prohibitions, appropriate designs, 158–161
Waller, Fats, 46–48
Warner Brothers, 16–17
Wealth of Nations, The (Smith), 35–36
‘Wimoweh’/’The Lion Sleeps Tonight’/’Mbube’ saga, 43–46
Winkler, Theresia, 48–49
WIPO Model Law on Copyright project, 148
Witcher, The (Sapkowski), 165
Women in Black, The (St John), 1, 128
work-for-hire exemptions from reversion rights, 72–77, 101–102, 164–165
Yoakam, Dwight, 76
YouTube, 20, 26–27
Yuvaraj, Joshua
other mentions, 165, 173
research projects. See research projects on reversion rights
Zanzibar, statutory reversion rights, 51–54

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  • Index
  • Joshua Yuvaraj, University of Auckland, Rebecca Giblin, Melbourne Law School
  • Book: Copyright Reversion
  • Online publication: 19 September 2025
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009334839.007
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  • Index
  • Joshua Yuvaraj, University of Auckland, Rebecca Giblin, Melbourne Law School
  • Book: Copyright Reversion
  • Online publication: 19 September 2025
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009334839.007
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  • Index
  • Joshua Yuvaraj, University of Auckland, Rebecca Giblin, Melbourne Law School
  • Book: Copyright Reversion
  • Online publication: 19 September 2025
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009334839.007
Available formats
×