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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 14 August 2025
1 Urgenda Foundation v. The Netherlands, The Hague District Court, Judgment, 24 June 2015, ECLI:NL:RBDHA:2015:7196.
2 Asghar Leghari v. Pakistan, Lahore Hight Court, Orders of 4 and 14 Sept. 2015, W.P. No 25501/2015.
3 J. Peel, A. Palmer & R. Markey-Towler, ‘Review of Literature on Impacts of Climate Litigation’, Report of the Children’s Investment Fund Foundation, 27 May 2022, p. 21, available at: https://www.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/4238450/Impact-lit-review-report_CIFF_Final_27052022.pdf.
4 See J. Setzer & C. Higham, ‘Global Trends in Climate Change Litigation: 2024 Snapshot’, Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment and Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, 27 June 2024, available at: https://www.lse.ac.uk/granthaminstitute/publication/global-trends-in-climate-change-litigation-2024-snapshot.
5 See J. Peel & H.M. Osofsky, Climate Change Litigation: Regulatory Pathways to Cleaner Energy (Cambridge University Press, 2015), pp. 16–8.
6 To name just a few: J. Peel & H.M. Osofsky, ‘Sue to Adapt?’ (2015) 99(6) Minnesota Law Review, pp. 2177–250; J. Lin, ‘Litigating Climate Change in Asia’ (2014) 4(1–2) Climate Law, pp. 140–9; J. Lin, ‘Climate Change and the Courts’ (2012) 32(1) Legal Studies, pp. 35–57; J. Peel, ‘Issues in Climate Change Litigation’ (2011) 5(1) Carbon & Climate Law Review, pp. 15–24; J. Peel, ‘The Role of Climate Change Litigation in Australia’s Response to Global Warming’ (2007) 24(2) Environmental and Planning Law Journal, pp. 90–105.
7 E.g., J. Peel & J. Lin, ‘Climate Change Adaptation Litigation: A View from Southeast Asia’, in J. Lin & D.A. Kysar (eds), Climate Change Litigation in the Asia Pacific (Cambridge University Press, 2020), pp. 294–328; J. Peel & J. Lin, ‘Transnational Climate Litigation: The Contribution of the Global South’ (2019) 113(4) American Journal of International Law, pp. 679–726.
8 See IPCC (H.-O. Pörtner et al. (eds)), Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Cambridge University Press, 2022), available at: https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2.
9 See, e.g., J. Magrath, ‘The Injustice of Climate Change: Voices from Africa’ (2010) 15(9–10) Local Environment, pp. 891–901.
10 See, in general, J. Setzer & L. Benjamin, ‘Climate Litigation in the Global South: Constraints and Innovations’ (2020) 9(1) Transnational Environmental Law, pp. 77–101.
11 IPCC, n. 8 above.
12 See S. Varvastian & F. Kalunga, ‘Transnational Corporate Liability for Environmental Damage and Climate Change: Reassessing Access to Justice after Vedanta v. Lungowe’ (2020) 9(2) Transnational Environmental Law, pp. 323–45.
13 See global Carbon Atlas, available at: https://globalcarbonatlas.org.
14 See Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Environment at a Glance in Latin America and the Caribbean: Spotlight on Climate Change (OECD Publishing, 2023), p. 20, available at: https://doi.org/10.1787/2431bd6c-en.
15 See, e.g., L.V. Gatti et al., ‘Amazonia as a Carbon Source Linked to Deforestation and Climate Change’ (2021) 595(7867) Nature, pp. 388–93.
16 As of 2025, the Finance Center for South-South Cooperation (an organization in Special Consultative Status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council) lists as global south countries 78 countries in South America, Africa, the Middle East, and Asia (‘Group of 77 and China’), available at: http://www.fc-ssc.org/en/partnership_program/south_south_countries.
17 United Nations Climate Change, ‘What is the Triple Planetary Crisis?’, 13 Apr. 2022, available at: https://unfccc.int/news/what-is-the-triple-planetary-crisis.
18 See, e.g., S. McCormick et al., ‘Strategies in and Outcomes of Climate Change Litigation in the United States’ (2018) 8(9) Nature Climate Change, pp. 829–33.
19 See J. Peel & H.M. Osofsky, ‘A Rights Turn in Climate Change Litigation?’ (2018) 7(1) Transnational Environmental Law, pp. 37–67.
20 See S. Varvastian, Human Rights Approaches to Planetary Crises: From Climate Change to Plastic Pollution (Routledge, 2024).
21 As it happened in the South African case of Earthlife Africa Johannesburg v. Minister of Environmental Affairs, Pretoria High Court, Judgment, 8 Mar. 2017, Case No. 65662/16.
22 See S. Varvastian, ‘The Role of Courts in Plastic Pollution Governance’ (2023) 72(3) International & Comparative Law Quarterly, pp. 635–69.
23 E.g., United Nations Human Rights Council, Resolution 58/16, ‘The Human Right to a Clean, Healthy and Sustainable Environment: The Ocean and Human Rights’, 3 Apr. 2025, UN Doc. A/HRC/RES/58/16, available at: https://docs.un.org/A/HRC/RES/58/16.
24 E.g., S. Varvastian, ‘Protecting Biodiversity with the Right to a Healthy Environment: Lessons from Climate Change Litigation’, in P. McCormack & R. Caddell (eds), Research Handbook on Climate Change and Biodiversity Law (Edward Elgar, 2024), pp. 372–91.
25 E.g., S. Varvastian, ‘Climate Change and Mental Health: A Human Rights Perspective’ (forthcoming 2025) 53 Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, doi 10.1017/jme.2025.10114.