Hostname: page-component-7dd5485656-glrdx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-10-30T06:58:44.089Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Borderline and Schizotypal Disorders in Children and Adolescents

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2018

Martijn Meijer  and
Philip D. A. Treffers
Martijn Meijer*
Affiliation:
State University of Leyden and Academic Centre of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, ‘Curium’, Oegstgeest
Philip D. A. Treffers
Affiliation:
State University of Leyden, and Medical Director, Academic Centre of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Curium, Oegstgeest, The Netherlands
*
∗ Academisch Centrum Kinder – en Jeugdpsychiatrie ‘Curium’, Endengeesterstraatweg 27, 2342 AK Oegstgeest, The Netherlands
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Until recently, research on borderline disorder in children has sought the common denominator of the symptoms. In recent years there have been attempts to circumscribe the definition with the help of DSM–III criteria and the DIB. This approach appears fruitful. The scanty data on schizotypal children suggest that the validity of this diagnosis in childhood should be investigated. In adolescence it is possible to discern those with borderline and schizotypal disorders whose symptoms meet both DIB and DSM–III–R criteria respectively. No data exist, however, concerning the predictive validity of such disorders in adolescents. Classification on an empirical basis is advocated in order to refine the diagnosis of these and related disorders in children and adolescents.

Information

Type
Research Article
Information
The British Journal of Psychiatry , Volume 158 , Issue 2 , February 1991 , pp. 205 - 212
Copyright
Copyright © Royal College of Psychiatrists, 1991 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Aarkrog, T. (1981) The borderline concept in childhood, adolescence and adulthood. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 64 (suppl. 293).Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (1980) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd edn) (DSM–III). Washington, DC: APA.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (1987) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd edn, revised) (DSM–III–R). Washington, DC: APA.Google Scholar
Asarnow, J. R. & Ben-Meir, S. (1988) Children with schizophrenia spectrum and depressive disorders: a comparative study of premorbid adjustment, onset pattern and severity of impairment. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 29, 477–488.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bartels, A. A. J. (1986) Sociale Vaardigheidstraining Voor Probleemjongeren. Lisse: Swets & Zeitlinger.Google Scholar
Bemporad, J. R. Smith, H. F. Hanson, G. et al (1982) Borderline syndromes in childhood: criteria for diagnosis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 596–602.Google ScholarPubMed
Blashfield, R. K. & McElroy, R. A. (1987) The 1985 journal literature on the personality disorders. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 28, 536–546.Google Scholar
Bleuler, E. (1911) Dementia praecox oder Gruppe der Schizophrenien. In Handbuch der Schizophrenie (ed. Aschaffenburg, G.). Leipzig: Deuticke.Google Scholar
Bowlby, J. (1969) Attachment and Loss, vol. i. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Bradley, S. J. (1979) The relationship of early maternal separation to borderline personality in children and adolescents: a pilot study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 136, 424–426.Google Scholar
Bradley, S. J. (1981) The borderline diagnosis in children and adolescents. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 12, 121–127.Google Scholar
Chethik, M. (1979) The borderline child. In Basic Handbook of Child Psychiatry, vol. ii (ed. Noshpitz, J. D.). New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Clarkin, J. F. Widiger, T. A. Frances, A. et al (1983) Prototypic typology and the borderline personality disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 92, 263–275.Google Scholar
Cohen, D. J. Shaywitz, S. E. Young, J. G. et al (1983) Borderline syndromes and attention deficit disorders of childhood: clinical and neurochemical perspectives. In The Borderline Child; Approaches to Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment (ed. Robson, K. S.). New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Deutsch, H. (1942) Some forms of emotional disturbance and their relationship to schizophrenia. Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 11, 301–321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fish, B. (1987) Infant predictors of the longitudinal course of schizophrenic development. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 13, 395–409.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Friedman, R. C. Aronoff, M. S. Clarkin, J. F. et al (1983) History of suicidal behavior in depressed borderline inpatients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 1023–1026.Google ScholarPubMed
Gartner, A. F. & Gartner, J. (1988) Borderline pathology in post-incest female adolescents. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 52, 101–113.Google ScholarPubMed
Gossett, J. T. Lewis, J. M. & Barnhard, F. D. (1983) To Find a Way: The outcome of hospital treatment of disturbed adolescents. New York: Brunner/Mazel.Google Scholar
Greenman, D. A. Gunderson, J. G. Cane, M. et al (1986) An examination of the borderline diagnosis in children. American Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 998–1003.Google Scholar
Gualtieri, C. T. Koriath, U. & Van Bourgondien, M. E. (1983) ‘Borderline’ children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 13, 67–72.Google Scholar
Gunderson, J. G. (1984) Borderline Personality Disorder. Washington, DC: APA.Google Scholar
Gunderson, J. G. & Singer, M. P. (1975) Defining borderline patients: an overview. American Journal of Psychiatry, 132, 1–10.Google Scholar
Gunderson, J. G. Kerr, J. & Englund, D. W. (1980) The families of borderlines. A comparative study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 37, 27–33.Google Scholar
Gunderson, J. G. Kolb, J. E. & Austin, V. (1981) The diagnostic interview for borderline patients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 138, 896–903.Google Scholar
Hoch, P. & Polatin, P. (1949) Pseudoneurotic forms of schizophrenia. Psychiatric Quarterly, 23, 248–276.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gunderson, J. G. Cattell, J. P. Strahl, M. O. et al (1962) The course and outcome of pseudoneurotic schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 119, 106–115.Google Scholar
Kallmann, F. J. (1938) The Genetics of Schizophrenia. New York: J. J. Augustin.Google Scholar
Kendler, K. S. (1985) Diagnostic approaches to schizotypal personality disorder: a historical perspective. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 11, 538–553.Google Scholar
Kernberg, O. F. (1975) Borderline Conditions and Pathological Narcissism. New York: Jason Aronson.Google Scholar
Kestenbaum, C. J. (1983) The borderline child at risk for major psychiatric disorder in adult life: seven case reports with follow-up. In The Borderline Child; Approaches to Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment (ed. Robson, K. S.). New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Kety, S. S. Rosenthal, D. Wender, P. H. et al (1968) The types and prevalence of mental illness in the biological and adoptive families of adopted schizophrenics. In The Transmission of Schizophrenia (eds Rosenthal, D. & Kety, S. S.). Oxford: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Kraepelin, E. (1913) Lehrbuch der Psychiatrie (8th edn). Leipzig: Barth.Google Scholar
Kretschmer, E. (1921) Körperbau und Charakter. Berlin: Springer.Google Scholar
Lewis, M. (1986) Personality and personality disorder (borderline personality disorder). In Child Psychiatry (eds Solnit, A. J. Cohen, D. J. & Schowalter, J. E.). New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Masterson, J. F. (1985) Treatment of the Borderline Adolescent: A Developmental Approach. New York: Brunner/Mazel.Google Scholar
Masterson, J. F. & Costello, J. L. (1980) From Borderline Adolescent to Functioning Adult: The Test of Time. New York: Brunner/Mazel.Google Scholar
McGlashan, T. H. (1986) Schizotypal personality disorder. Chestnut Lodge follow-up study: VI. Long-term follow-up perspectives. Archives of General Psychiatry, 43, 329–334.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McManus, M. Brickman, A. Alessi, N. E. et al (1984 a) Borderline personality in serious delinquents. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 25, 446–454.Google Scholar
McManus, M. Lerner, H. Robbins, D. et al (1984 b) Assessment of borderline symptomatology in hospitalized adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 23, 685–694.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meissner, W. W. (1984) The Borderline Spectrum. New York: Jason Aronson.Google Scholar
Morey, L. C. (1988) Personality disorders in DSM–III and DSM–III–R: convergence, coverage and internal consistency. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 573–577.Google Scholar
Nagy, J. & Szatmari, P. (1986) A chart review of schizotypal personality disorders in children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 16, 351–367.Google Scholar
Noshpitz, J. D. (ed.) (1979) Basic Handbook of Child Psychiatry, New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Petti, Th. A. & Law, W. III (1982) Borderline psychotic behavior in hospitalized children: approaches to assessment and treatment. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 21, 197–202.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pine, F. (1974) On the concept ‘borderline’ in children: a clinical assay. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 29, 341–368.Google Scholar
Pine, F. (1986) On the development of the ‘borderline-child-to-be’. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 56, 450–457.Google Scholar
Plakun, E. M. Burkhardt, P. E. & Muller, J. P. (1985) 14-year follow-up of borderline and schizotypal personality disorders. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 26, 448–455.Google Scholar
Pope, H. G. Jonas, J. M. Hudson, J. I. et al (1983) The validity of DSM–III borderline personality disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 40, 23–30.Google Scholar
Rado, S. (1953) Dynamics and classification of disordered behavior. American Journal of Psychiatry, 110, 406–416.Google Scholar
Ransohoff, R. (1978) The adolescent borderline grows up. Adolescent Psychiatry, 6, 409–419.Google Scholar
Rinsley, D. B. (1980) Diagnosis and treatment of borderline and narcissistic children and adolescents. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 44, 147–170.Google Scholar
Rutter, M. & Hersov, L. (eds) (1985) Child and Adolescent Psychiatry: Modern Approaches (2nd edn). Oxford: Black well.Google Scholar
Rutter, M. & Schopler, E. (1987) Autism and related developmental disorders; concepts and diagnostic issues. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 17, 159–186.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shapiro, T. (1983) The borderline syndrome in children: a critique. In The Borderline Child; Approaches to Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment (ed. Robson, K. S.). New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Siegel, B. Anders, T. F. Ciaranello, R. D. et al (1986) Empirically derived subclassification of the autistic syndrome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 16, 275–293.Google Scholar
Soloff, P. H. & Millward, J. W. (1983) Psychiatric disorders in the families of borderline patients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 40, 37–44.Google Scholar
Spitzer, R. L. Endicott, J. & Gibbon, M. (1979) Crossing the border into borderline personality and borderline schizophrenia. The development of criteria. Archives of General Psychiatry, 36, 17–24.Google Scholar
Steinberg, D. (1983) The Clinical Psychiatry of Adolescence. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. Google Scholar
Stone, M. H. Hurt, S. W. & Stone, D. K. (1987) The PI 500: long-term follow-up of borderline inpatients meeting DSM–III criteria. I. Global outcome. Journal of Personality Disorders, 1, 291–298.Google Scholar
Tarnopolsky, A. & Berelowitz, M. (1987) Borderline personality: a review of recent research. British Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 724–734.Google Scholar
Torgersen, S. (1984) Genetic and nosological aspects of schizotypal and borderline personality disorders. A twin study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 41, 546–554.Google Scholar
Vela, R. Gottlieb, H. & Gottlieb, E. (1980) Diagnostic criteria for borderline conditions in children. Paper presented at the 27th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, Chicago, October 1980.Google Scholar
Vela, R. Gottlieb, H. & Gottlieb, E. (1983) Borderline syndromes in childhood: a critical review. In The Borderline Child; Approaches to Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment (ed. Robson, K. S.). New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Walsh, F. (1977) Family study 1976: 14 new borderline cases. In The Borderline Patient (eds Grinker, R. R. & Werble, B.). New York: Jason Aronson.Google Scholar
Widiger, T. A. Frances, A. Spitzer, R. L. et al (1988) The DSM–III–R personality disorders: an overview. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 786–795.Google Scholar
Yanchyshyn, G. Kutcher, S. & Cohen, C. (1986) The diagnostic interview for borderlines: reliability and validity in adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 25, 427–429.Google Scholar
Zanarini, M. C. Gunderson, J. G. Marino, M. F. et al (1989) Childhood experiences of borderline patients. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 30, 18–25.Google Scholar
Zilboorg, G. (1941) Ambulatory schizophrenias. Psychiatry, 4, 149–155.Google Scholar
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.