Hostname: page-component-7dd5485656-wjfd9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-10-30T20:35:27.825Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Psychosis, Neurosis and Epilepsy

Developmental and Gender-Related Effects and Their Aetiological Contribution.

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 January 2018

P. Flor-Henry
P. Flor-Henry*
Affiliation:
Dept. of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton; Consultant Psychiatrist, Alberta Hospital; Box 307, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

It is generally accepted that in mammalian evolution from rodents to primates, including man, aggressiveness, and more particularly intra-species aggression related to the assertion of dominance in the social hierarchy of the group, is a characteristic of the male (Gray, 1971). There is also an increasing body of evidence which shows that mammalian behaviour patterns are basically female and that male patterns are determined by the action of the sex hormone testosterone on neural structures during critical phases of intra-uterine development (Seymour Levine, 1966). Ounsted and Taylor (1972) have proposed that the X chromosome is sexually neutral, essentially equivalent to an autosome, and that its role in sexual differentiation lies in that it maintains ovarian function in the female. The Y chromosome is sex-determining by causing potential autosomal and X-coded information to become manifest in the phenotype. This is achieved in part by determining the development of foetal testosterone during a critical phase of foetal life. In the absence of testosterone the fundamental female morphology would be established in either sex.

Information

Type
Research Article
Information
The British Journal of Psychiatry , Volume 124 , Issue 579 , February 1974 , pp. 144 - 150
Copyright
Copyright © Royal College of Psychiatrists, 1974 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Allon, R. (1971). ‘Sex, race, socioeconomic status, social mobility, and process-reactive ratings of schizophrenics.’ J. nerv. mental Dis., 153, 343–50.Google Scholar
Blakemore, G. B., and Falconer, M. A. (1967). ‘Long term effects of anterior temporal lobectomy on certain cognitive functions.’ J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat., 30, 346–67.Google Scholar
Camp, B. W. (1966). ‘WISC performance in acting-out and delinquent children with and without EEG abnormality.’ J. cons. Psychology, 30, No. 4, 350–3.Google Scholar
Cloninger, C. R., and Guze, S. B. (1970). ‘Female criminals: Their personal familial, and social backgrounds.’ Arch. gen. Psychiat., 23, 554–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davison, K., and Bagley, C. R. (1969). ‘Schizophrenialike psychoses associated with organic disorders’, in Current Problems in Neuro-Psychiatry (ed. Herrington, ). Headley Brothers, Ashford, Kent A (British Journal of Psychiatry Special Publication No. 4).Google Scholar
DeWolfe, A. S., Barrell, R. P., Becker, B. C., and Spaner, F. E. (1971). ‘Intellectual deficit in chronic schizophrenia and brain damage.’ J. cons. clin. Psychol., 36, No. 2, 197–204.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Donnelly, E. F., Dent, J. K., Murphy, D. L., and Mignone, R. J. (1972). ‘Comparison of temporal lobe epileptics and affective disorders on the Halstead-Reitan test battery.’ J. clin. Psychol., 28, 61–2.Google Scholar
Falconer, M. A., and Taylor, D. C. (1970). ‘Temporal lobe epilepsy: Clinical features, pathology, diagnosis and treatment.’ Chap. 14, p. 354 in Modern Trends in Psychological Medicine, 2 (ed. Price, John Harding). Butterworths.Google Scholar
Flor-Henry, P. (1969). ‘Psychosis and temporal lobe epilepsy: a controlled investigation.’ Epilepsia, 10, 363–95.Google Scholar
Flor-Henry, P. (1972). ‘The psychiatric syndromes considered as manifestations of lateralized temporal-limbic dysfunction.’ 15–18 August. Paper presented at the Third International Congress of Psychosurgery, Cambridge, England. Proceedings in press.Google Scholar
Flor-Henry, P. (1972). ‘Ictal and inter-ictal psychiatric manifestations in epilepsy: specific or non-specific?’ Epilepsia, 13, No. 6, 773–83.Google Scholar
Forrest, A. D., and Hay, A. J. (1972). ‘The influence of sex on schizophrenia.’ Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 48, 49–58.Google Scholar
Gray, J. A. (Sept. 1971). ‘Causal theories of personality and how to test them.’ Third Banff Conference, Center for Advanced Study in Theoretical Psychology, Univ. Alberta. In press: 1973. London: Academy Press.Google Scholar
Gregoriadis, A., Fragos, E., Kapsalakis, Z., and Mandovalos, B. (1971). ‘A correlation between mental disorders and EEG and AEG findings in temporal lobe epilepsy.’ Abstracts, Vth World Congress of Psychiatry, La Prensa Medica Mexicana, p. 325. Mexico.Google Scholar
Guze, S. B., Woodruff, R. A., and Clayton, P. J. (1971). ‘Hysteria and anti-social behaviour: further evidence of an association.’ Amer. J. Psychiat., 127, 7, 957–9.Google Scholar
Guze, S. B., Goodwin, D. W., and Crane, J. B. (1970). ‘Criminal recidivism and psychiatric illness.’ Amer. J. Psychiat., 127, 6, 832–5.Google Scholar
Hartmann, W., and Meyer, J. E. (1989). ‘Long-term hospitalization of schizophrenic patients.’ Comprehensive Psychiat., 10, 2, 122–7.Google Scholar
Hécaen, H., and Ajuriaguerra, J. de (1952). Méconnaissances et Hallucinations Corporelles, p. 63 (Masson et cie Paris).Google Scholar
Heimburger, R. F., Whitlock, C. C., and Kalsbeck, J. E. (1966). ‘Stereotaxic amygdalotomy for epilepsy with aggressive behavior.’ J. Amer. med. Assoc., 198, 7, 741–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heston, L. L. (1970). ‘The genetics of schizophrenic and schizoid disease.’ Science, 167, 249–56.Google Scholar
Hillbom, E. (1960). ‘After-effects of brain injuries: research on the symptoms causing invalidism of persons in Finland having sustained brain injuries during the wars of 1939–1940 and 1941–1944.’ Acta psychiat. (Scand.), 35, Suppl. 142, p. 195.Google Scholar
H.M.S.O. (1964). Registrar General's Statistical Review of England and Wales, 1960. Supplement on Mental Health. Appendix, Table AN 24 (1).Google Scholar
Hobson, J. R. (1947). ‘Sex differences in primary mental abilities.’ J. educ. Res., 41, 126–32.Google Scholar
Hommes, O. R., and Panhuysen, L. H. H. M. (1971). ‘Depression and cerebral dominance.’ Psychiat. Neurol. Neurochir., 74, 259–70.Google Scholar
Jones, E. G., and Powell, T. P. S. (1970). ‘An anatomical study of converging sensory pathways within the cerebral cortex of the monkey.’ Brain, 93, 793–820.Google Scholar
Klonoff, H., Fibiger, C. H., and Hutton, G. H. (1970). ‘Neuropsychological patterns in chronic schizophrenia.’ J. nerv. ment. Dis., 150, 4, 291–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knox, C., and Kimura, D. (1970). ‘Cerebral processing of nonverbal sounds in boys and girls.’ Neuropsychol., 8, 227–37.Google Scholar
Lansdell, H. (1962). ‘A sex difference in effect of temporal-lobe neurosurgery on design preference.’ Nature, 194, 852–4.Google Scholar
Lawson, J. S., McGhie, A., and Chapman, J. (1964). ‘Perception of speech in schizophrenia.’ Brit. J. Psychiat., 110, 375–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levine, S. (1966). ‘Sex differences in the brain.’ Scient. Amer., 214, 4, 84–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lishman, W. A. (1966). ‘Brain damage in relation to psychiatric disability after head injury.’ Brit. J. Psychiat., 114, 373–410.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ljungberg, L. (1957). ‘Hysteria: a clinical, prognostic and genetic study.’ Acta psychiat. neurol. Scand., 32, suppl. 112.Google Scholar
Mefferd, R. B., Lester, J. W., Willand, B. A., Falconer, G. A., and Pokorny, A. D. (1969). ‘Influence of distraction on the reproduction of spoken words by schizophrenics.’ J. nerv. ment. Dis., 149, 6, 504–9.Google Scholar
Meyer, V., and Yates, A. J. (1955). ‘Intellectual changes following temporal lobectomy for psychomotor epilepsy: preliminary communication.’ J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat., 18, 44–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer, V., and Jones, H. G. (1957). ‘Patterns of cognitive test performance as functions of the lateral localization of cerebral abnormalities in the temporal lobe.’ J. ment. Sci., 103, 758–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Milner, B. (1954). ‘Intellectual function of the temporal lobes.’ Psychol. Bull., 51, 42–62.Google Scholar
Milner, B. (1959). In Brain and Human Behaviour, p. 244. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins.Google Scholar
Monakhov, K. K. (1971). In Modern Perspectives in World Psychiatry (ed. Howells, ). Chap. XIX, ‘The Pavlovian theory in psychiatry, some recent developments’, pp. 531–55. Brunner-Mazel, N.Y. (trans. Pos, R. Dr., Univ. Toronto).Google Scholar
Moon, A. F., Mefferd, R. B., Wieland, B. A., Pokorny, A. D., and Falconer, G. A. (1968). ‘Perceptual dysfunction as a determinant of schizophrenic word associations.’ J. nerv. ment. Dis., 146, 1, 80–4.Google Scholar
Narabayashi, H., Nagao, T., Saito, Y., Yoshida, M., and Nagahata, M. (1963). ‘Stereotaxic amygdalotomy for behaviour disorders.’ Arch. gen. Psych., 9, 11–26.Google Scholar
Ounsted, C., and Taylor, D. C. (1972). ‘The Y chromosome message: a point of view’, in Gender Differences: Their Ontogeny and Significance (ed. Ounsted, C. and Taylor, D.). London: Churchills.Google Scholar
Perley, M. J., and Guze, S. B. (1962). ‘Hysteria—the stability and usefulness of clinical criteria: a quantitative study based on a follow-up period of six to eight years in 39 patients.’ J. Med., 266, 9, 421–6.Google Scholar
Pushkina, V. G. (1971). In Modern Perspectives in World Psychiatry (ed. Howells, ). Chap. XIX, ‘The Pavlovian theory in psychiatry, some recent developments’, by Monakhov, K. K. (trans. Pos, R. Dr., Univ. Toronto), pp. 531–5. Brunner-Mazel, N.Y. Google Scholar
Revitch, E., and Zallanski, Z. (1969). ‘Slow anterior temporal foci in a mental hospital population.’ Behavioural Neuropsychiatry, 9, 8–16.Google Scholar
Rosenthal, D., and Kety, S. S. (1968). The Transmission of Schizophrenia. Oxford: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Rosvold, H. E., Mirsky, A. F., and Pribram, K. H. (1954). ‘Influence of amygdalectomy on social behaviour in monkeys.’ J. comp, physiol. Psychol., 47, 173–8.Google Scholar
Serafetinides, E. A. (1965). ‘Aggressiveness in temporal lobe epileptics and its relation to cerebral dysfunction and environmental factors.’ Epilepsia, Amst., 6, 33–42.Google Scholar
Strömgren, E. (1938). Beitrage zur psychiatrischen Erblehre. Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard.Google Scholar
Taylor, D. C. (1969). ‘Differential rates of cerebral maturation between the sexes and between the hemispheres—evidence from epilepsy.’ Lancet, 19 July, 140–2.Google Scholar
Taylor, D. C. and Ounsted, C. (1971). ‘Biological mechanisms influencing the outcome of seizures in response to fever.’ Epilepsia, 12, 33–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vaernet, K., and Madsen, A. (1970). ‘Stereotaxic amygdalotomy and basofrontal tractotomy in psychotic with aggressive behaviour.’ J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat., 33, 858–63.Google Scholar
Vinar, J., and Skalickova, O. (1965). ‘Neurologieke Hodneceni Schizofrenniho Onemocneni,’ Ceskoslovenska Psychiatria, 61, 373–7.Google Scholar
Walker, H. A., and Birch, H. G. (1970). ‘Lateral preference and right left awareness in schizophrenic children.’ J. nerv. ment. Dis., 151, 341–51.Google Scholar
Watson, C. G., Thomas, R. W., Andersen, D., and Felling, J. (1968). ‘Differentiation of organics from schizophrenics at two chronicity levels by use of the Reitan-Halstead organic test battery.’ J. consult. clin. Psychol., 32, 679–84.Google Scholar
Wechsler, D. (1958). ‘Sex differences in intelligence’, in The Measurement and Appraisal of Adult Intelligence (4th ed.). Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 10, 144–51.Google Scholar
Woodruff, R. A. (1967). ‘Hysteria: an evaluation of objective diagnostic criteria by the study of women with chronic medical illnesses.’ Brit. J. Psychiat., 114, 1115–9.Google Scholar
Zangwill, O. L. (1964). ‘Psychopathology of dementia.’ Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., 57, 914–7.Google ScholarPubMed
Zurif, E. B., and Carson, G. (1970). ‘Dyslexia in relation to cerebral dominance and temporal analysis.’ Neuropsychologia, 8, 351–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.