No CrossRef data available.
We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.
We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 07 May 2025
Even though the Cuban Revolution has generated a wide variety of scholarly writings, covering most areas of political development, few of these have focused on deviance and other social problems. The paucity of data extends to most socialist nations, regardless of stage of development, and is especially acute when dealing with such social problems as crime and delinquency. The largesse by national and foreign writers can be explained by a complex variety of reasons but the end result appears to be uniform.
1. -See : Salas (L.), Social controle and deviance in Cuba, New York, Praeger, 1979.
2. -Connor (W.), Deviance in Soviet society : Delinquency and alcoholism, 1972.
3. -Martinez (J.A.), Serie de conferencias sobre el código de Defensa Social, Havana, Jesús Mortero, 1940; Id. ed. Código de Defensa Social, Havana, Jesús Mortero, 1959.
4. -For a fuller exposition of these views, see : Salas (L.), op. cit.
5. -Ley n° 21, Código Penal, Gaceta Oficial de la República de Cuba, March 1, 1979, p. 47-105.
6. -Vega y Vega (J.), Los delitos, Havana, Instituto del libro, 1968, p. 159.
7. -Ley n° 21, article 25, op. cit. Since police and the military are subject to a different code of criminal procedure, courts and regulations from civilians their actions are beyond the scope of this work.
8. -Ley n° 21, article 52, op. cit.
9. -Ley n° 21, articles 16 and 17, op. cit.
10. -Determinations as to mental illness are made by two forensic physicians attached to the mental hospital in Havana. The same physicians review all such cases, a factor which assures uniformity in making determinations. Id., article 10 and conversations with the author, Salas, with forensic physicians at the Havana facility, summer, 1979.
11. -Ley n° 21, articles 21 and 22, op. cit.
12. -Ley n° 21, article 53, op. cit.
13. -Ley n° 21, article 314, op. cit.
14. -A sliding scale is provided in the Code for upgrading maximum and minimum penalties depending on the offender's prior record. The maximum and minimum, for example, may be increased by one-half in cases wherein the defendant has been convicted for the same crime two times before and one-third if the defendant has earlier been convicted of two other crimes. Other lesser increases are provided for those, presenting only one prior criminal conviction. Ley n° 21, article 55, op. cit.
15. -Ley n 21, article 316 (a), (0, (g), op. cit.
16. -Ley n° 21, article 316 (b), (c), (ch), (d), (e), (h), op. cit.
17. -Ley n° 21, articles 316 (i) and 317, op. cit.
18. -Ley n° 21, articles 195 (4), 200, 319, 320, 321, 353 (2) (ch) and 386, op. cit.
19. -Salas L., The Cuban Codes: An Examination of the Cuban Constitution, Code of Criminal Procedure and Court Organization, forthcoming, 1979.
20. -Asamblea Nacional del Poder Popular, Actas: Primer Período Ordinario de Sesiones 28, 29 y 30 de junio, 1978, Havana, 1979, p. 215.
21. -Id.
22. -See footnote to Table I.
23. -Wilbanks ”Homicide in Jamaica” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Philadelphia, November 1979. The author found in Jamaica that the police rate was 8.1 per 100,000 compared to the UN rate of 1.5, for the same period.
24. -Asamblea Nacional del Poder Popular, op. cit. ”Appendix to the Report of the Procuracy”.
25. - Hindelang, ”The Uniform Crime Reports Revisited”, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 1974, p. 1.
26. -Wolfgang M., Patterns of Criminal Homicide, 1958; Wilbanks, ”Homicide and the Criminal Justice System in Dade County, Florida”, Journal of Crime and Justice, forthcoming, 1979.
27. -Block R. Violent Crime (1977); Pokorny, ”A Comparison of Homicide in Two Cities”, Journal of Crim. L, Crim. & Pol Science, 1965, p. 479.
28. -Wilbanks, ”Trends in Violent Death in a Southern Metropolitan County: A Study of Dade County, Florida, 1956-1978”, in Zahn (M.) and Riedel (M.) (Ed.), The Contemporary Character of American Homicide, forthcoming, 1980.
29. -Klebber, ”Comparison of Trends for Suicide and Homicide : United States, 1900-1976, ” Paper presented at a symposium entitled ”Violence and the Violent Individual,” Houston, Texas, Nov. 1978; Wilbanks, ”Trends in Violent Death in a Southern Metropolitan County: A Study of Dade County, Florida, 1956-1978”, op. cit.
30. -Hackney, ”Southern Violence”, in Graham (H.) and Gurr (T.), (Ed.), Violence in America, 1969, pp. 387-404; Klebber, op. cit.
31. -The Abakúa is a member of a secret society which had its origins in the Congo and Nigeria and who holds views towards women which emphasize their sexuality but consider them inferior. The nanigo is a follower of this religion. The criminality of this group is been a subject of interest to Cuban criminologists since the beginning of the twentieth century. One of the earliest studies was that of Fernando Ortiz who adopted Lombrossian views to explain this phenomenon. Ortiz (F.), Los Negros Brujos, Miami, Ed. Universal, 1973. For one of the major works on the abakua religion see: Cabrara (L.), La Sociedad Secreta Abakùa, Miami; Ed. Cil., 1969. An essential characteristic of adherents is adherence to a tradition of honor in which personal affronts are handled by the affected person, oftentimes with the shedding of blood being required in avenging the act.
32. -del Valle (S.), ”Clausura del Forum Nacional de Orden Interior”, Verde Olivo, April 1969, p. 24-29.
33. -Curtis, (L.), Criminal Violence, 1974, p. 70.
34. -”As Servants of the People we have reached an even greater mutual understanding”, Granma Weekly Review, pp. 7-10 at p. 9.
35. -Luis Gutierrez Delgado, Estadistíca Moral de Cuba, Havana, n. ed. 1948. p. 23.
36. -Castro (Fidel), Verde Olivo, June 1901, p. 8-63 at 62.
37. -Wolfgang (M.), supra, p. 120; Bensing (R.) and Schroeder (O.), Homicide in an Urban Community, 1960, Munsford et. al., ”Homicide Trends in Atlanta”, Criminology, 1976, p. 213.
1978, 2nd. ed.; Dominguez, (J.), Cuba: Order and revolution, 1979.
39. -Portes (A.) and Walton (J.), Urban Latin America: The Political Condition from Above and Beyond, 1976, pp. 29-32.
40. -”As Servants of the People, We have been able to achieve an even greater mutual understanding,”, supra, p. 9.
41. -Wilbanks, ”Trends in violent death in a Southern Metropolitan county: A study of dade county, Florida, 1956-1978”, op. cit.
42. -For a discussion of this offensive see: Mesa-Lago (C), Cuba in the 70's, 1978, 2nd. ed.; Dominguez, (J.), Cuba : Order and revolution, 1979.
43. -Alván Sanchéz García, ”Algunas consideraciones sobre la criminalidad y la penología en la sociedad socialista”, Revista Cubana de Derecho, 1976, p. 221 à 232.
44. -Id. pp. 232-233.
45. -Salas (L.), op. cit.
46. -Salas (L.), ”Juvenile Delinquency in Postrevolutionary Cuba: Characteristics and Cuban Explanations”, Cuban Studies, 1979, p. 43.
47. -Wolfgang (M.) and Ferracuti (F.), The Subculture of Violence: Toward an Integrated Theory in Criminology, 1967.
48. -Id. Heller (C.), Mexican-American Youth, 1966, pp. 35-36.
49. -Castro (Fidel), op. cit.
50. -José Varona, ”El bandolerismo: reacción necesaria”, in Textos Escogidos Mexico, E. Porrúa, 1974, pp. 37-48,44.
51. -Lewis (O.), La Vida: A Puerto Rican Family in the Culture of Poverty, San Juan and New York, 1966.
52. -Lewis (O.), Rigdon (S.), and Lewis (R.), Neighbors: Living the Revolution, 1978, p. 526, fn. 1.