Emerging research reveals a striking overlap between ADHD, hypermobility syndromes, immune dysfunction, and autonomic dysregulation. Studies suggest that approximately half of individuals with ADHD are hypermobile, while ADHD is significantly over-represented in those with hypermobility syndromes, such as Hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (hEDS) and Hypermobility Spectrum Disorder (HSD). Unlike benign joint hypermobility, these syndromes involve multisystem pathology, often accompanied by dysautonomia (e.g., postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, POTS), mast cell activation disease (MCAD), and autoimmune conditions.

This ‘somatic super-syndrome’ encompasses many of ADHD’s under-recognised somatic comorbidities, including hypermobility, allergy and autoimmunity, POTS, fatigue and pain syndromes (Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Fibromyalgia Syndrome), and sensory processing issues, amongst others. A small but growing body of evidence suggests that mast cells - ‘first responder’ immune cells involved in allergic and inflammatory responses - play a critical role in neurocognitive function and that their excessive activation has been associated with a range of neurological and psychiatric/neurodevelopmental conditions. Could a similar issue with aberrant mast cell activation be contributing to the pathophysiology of ADHD.

Dr. James Kustow, consultant psychiatrist and adult ADHD specialist, will present the latest insights into this complex interplay between connective tissue dysfunction, chronic low-level inflammation, and autonomic dysregulation. He will explore how these factors may, in some, drive an ADHD-like syndrome and discuss emerging research on neuroimmune mechanisms linking ADHD with inflammatory disorders such as infections, asthma, rhinitis, and food allergies.

By illuminating these connections and reviewing the available evidence, this presentation will encourage a broader, integrative approach to understanding and managing ADHD. It will also consider how future research might inform novel therapeutic strategies targeting immune dysregulation and autonomic dysfunction in ADHD.

J. Kustow Consultant of: I have done some consultancy work for a couple of pharmaceutical companies but not for over 3 years, Speakers bureau of: I have previously spoken at and chaired events organised by pharmaceutical companies (but I dont speak on the subject of ADHD medication).

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing the field of psychotherapy by introducing innovative, accessible, and efficient methods for mental health care. AI-based psychotherapy practices leverage machine learning algorithms, natural language processing (NLP), and predictive analytics to provide personalized therapeutic interventions, support mental health practitioners, and enhance patient outcomes. These systems, including virtual therapists and chatbot platforms, are designed to simulate human empathy, analyze user inputs, and deliver evidence-based therapeutic techniques such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT).

Moreover, AI systems assist clinicians by offering diagnostic support, monitoring patient progress through behavioral data analysis, and optimizing treatment plans. The integration of AI into psychotherapy practices has shown promise in addressing barriers such as stigma, geographic limitations, and therapist shortages. However, ethical challenges related to data privacy, algorithmic bias, and the therapeutic efficacy of AI-driven interactions remain significant concerns. This abstract explores the potential, applications, and limitations of AI-based psychotherapy, emphasizing the need for rigorous research and ethical considerations to ensure its effective and responsible integration into mental health care.

None Declared

This presentation explores the intersection of psychotherapy interventions and AI, focusing on how AI can be leveraged to augment traditional therapeutic methods. AI-powered tools such as chatbots, virtual therapists, and predictive analytics will be covered. Additionally, the talk will address the ethical implications, challenges, and opportunities posed by the use of AI in mental health care, emphasizing the importance of maintaining the human element in therapy. Drawing on current research and case studies, possible opportunities of AI assisted therapists in identifying patterns in patient behavior, improving treatment efficacy, and reducing barriers to mental health care, especially in underserved populations will be explored. The presentation will conclude with a forward-looking perspective on how AI and psychotherapy can collaboratively evolve to shape the future of mental health care.

Artificial Intelligence, Psychotherapy, Mental Health, Chatbots, Virtual Therapy, Ethical Considerations, Personalized Treatment.

None Declared

Artificial intelligence (AI) tools have gained attention for their potential to transform mental health care. However, in the context of psychotherapy, these tools reveal fundamental limitations that warrant critical analysis.

Psychotherapy is deeply rooted in relational dynamics, cultural sensitivity, and the ability to engage with the complex emotional landscapes of individuals. Current AI-based tools often struggle to address these dimensions adequately. While language models can generate coherent and seemingly empathetic responses, their inability to genuinely understand and respond to nuanced human emotions and interpersonal subtleties presents a significant barrier (Floridi & Chiriatti, 2020).

Ethical concerns also pose considerable challenges. The use of AI in psychotherapy raises questions about data privacy, algorithmic transparency, and the potential perpetuation of biases within AI systems. Such issues not only risk undermining the therapeutic process but may also erode trust in these technologies.

The therapeutic alliance—a critical factor in psychotherapy—represents another area of concern. Effective therapy relies heavily on building trust, mutual understanding, and a genuine connection, all of which are difficult to replicate with AI-based tools. Current research suggests that while AI can support certain therapeutic tasks, its capacity to maintain and enhance the therapeutic alliance remains unproven (Linardon et al., 2019).

This presentation will critically examine these limitations through case-based discussions and clinical reflections. By highlighting the inherent challenges of integrating AI into psychotherapy, it aims to encourage thoughtful and cautious exploration of its applications, emphasizing the importance of preserving the relational and ethical foundations of psychotherapeutic practice.

None Declared

Starting medication for attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults begins with a thorough evaluation. Diagnostic evaluation should involve a careful investigation of the psychiatric and medical comorbidities and an interview with the patient and family members or partners. The next step is to assess the severity of ADHD symptoms, comorbidities and their impact on functioning. This will help guide the order in which targeted treatments are introduced. When selecting the medication, considerations such as the presentation of ADHD symptoms, the patient’s medical history, previous responses to ADHD treatments, and preferences about the effect onset are crucial. This choice typically lies between stimulant and non-stimulant options. The initial dose prescribed should be low enough to mitigate potential side effects while still effectively alleviating symptoms and gradually improving functioning. Treating comorbid psychiatric disorders, such as depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders, is equally important alongside ADHD treatment. The dosage should be slowly adjusted based on the patient’s response and any side effects that arise. Regular follow-up appointments are essential during this phase to monitor the medication’s effectiveness, identify side effects, and make necessary dosage adjustments. Dr Ozge Kilic will discuss key tips related to assessment, medication selection, titration, adjusting dosages, and managing side effects through clinical case vignettes.

None Declared

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental condition which is underdiagnosed and undertreated in women. For decades, the ADHD field has called for more insight into female-specific therapy. Preliminary findings postulate that changes in sex hormones during the menstrual cycle may influence the effectiveness of psychostimulant medication. Yet, pharmacotherapeutic interventions tailored to women with ADHD remain scarce. Previously, our group showed an increase in mood symptoms in the premenstrual week in women with ADHD. Premenstrual worsening of depressive and ADHD symptoms represent a treatment challenge.

In our adult ADHD clinic, we noted several women describing exacerbation of their ADHD and depressive symptoms in the premenstrual week and/or insufficient effect of their established dosage of psychostimulant. We responded to the need expressed by these women by increasing their stimulant dosage in the premenstrual week, while monitoring the response and side effects.

This community case study of nine consecutive women being treated for ADHD and co-occurring conditions (including depression and premenstrual dysphoric disorder), reports our local experience of increasing the individually prescribed psychostimulant dosage during the premenstrual period. We methodically monitored the effect of this increased dosage on ADHD symptoms, mood and somatic symptoms for the following 6-24 months.

With premenstrual dose elevation, all nine women experienced improved ADHD and mood symptoms with minimal adverse events. Premenstrual inattention, irritability and energy levels improved, and now resembled the other non-premenstrual weeks more closely. All women decided to continue with the elevated premenstrual pharmacotherapy.

Our preliminary results demonstrate potential benefits of increasing premenstrual psychostimulant dosage in women with ADHD, experiencing premenstrual worsening of ADHD and mood symptoms. The results concur with previous findings of diminished response to amphetamines in the late luteal phase. Increased dosage may help combat premenstrual worsening of cognitive and emotional symptoms in women with ADHD, with significant clinical implications. Better management of premenstrual ADHD and mood symptoms in vulnerable women can improve treatment outcome and meet an unmet need. However, implementation should be individually explored. Further investigation of luteal phase psychostimulant dose adjustment is required for safe, optimal and individualised treatment for women with ADHD. Specifically, we are currently applying for funding to set up the ADAPT-trial (Adjusting Premenstrual Psychostimulant Dosage for Women with ADHD: Enhancing Efficacy).

None Declared

Psychiatrist working with ADHD-patients since 2007.

I have diagnosed and treated more than a 1000 patients with ADHD. I have always, when it has been possible, given one medication at a time to be able to evaluate how it works, and what gives side effects.

When stimulants suddenly don’t work anymore, I have searched for physical and psychological problems that could explain it. By solving these problems, the stimulants work again.

By working this way, we have noticed that patients have a high compliance, and there are a lot less cases of relapse with ADHD symptoms.

None Declared

The management of elderly patients receiving polypharmacy presents significant clinical challenges due to age-related physiological changes, the prevalence of chronic conditions, and the potential for drug-drug interactions and adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Blood level assessments of medications provide a critical tool for optimizing pharmacotherapy in this population. Here we present the benefits of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) and pharmacokinetic assessments in the personalized management of elderly patients with polypharmacy. Regular monitoring of blood drug concentrations can identify drug-drug interactions, related toxicity risks, and adherence issues, thereby informing dosage adjustments to achieve optimal therapeutic outcomes.

G. Schoretsanitis Consultant of: Dexcel, Saladax, HLS Therapeutics, Speakers bureau of: Saladax, HLS Therapeutics, Lundbeck, Thermo Fisher.

The pharmacological effect is the result of both pharmacokinetic (e.g., how the body affects the medication) and pharmacodynamic (e.g., how the medication affects the body) processes occurring simultaneously. Pharmacokinetics includes the processes of liberation, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (LADME). These processes govern the steady-state plasma concentration (Css). Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is a pharmacological tool used to select and adjust medications. TDM enables Css measurements and dose adjustment calculations. In this presentation, the presenter will cover the main pharmacokinetic issues related to TDM in this clinical case, including Css determination, therapeutic range, dose adjustment, and pharmacokinetic calculations. Participants will learn the fundamental pharmacokinetic aspects necessary for understanding the case.

None Declared

Although still somewhat reluctantly used (and thus underutilized) by many clinicians, it is the well-evidenced fact that clozapine is an effective drug for treatment-resistant schizophrenia. In order to optimize its therapeutic potential and to minimize side effects, therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of plasma clozapine and N-desmethylclozapine is an essential clinical tool. TDM can also help to reveal insufficient adherence or individual differences in the rates of metabolism. Moreover, clozapine plasma levels can be affected by other factor, such as smoking or concomitant medication (fluvoxamine). In our study sample, we were able to demonstrate the relationship between the dosage and clozapine plasma levels and their impact on clinical efficacy and safety.

None Declared

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) plays a crucial role in optimizing treatment for patients with psychiatric disorders and comorbid medical conditions, particularly in the elderly. This talk will focus on the practical application of TDM in managing polypharmacy and drug-drug interactions in a geriatric patient with mood disorders. Using a case-based approach, the discussion will highlight how TDM can guide dose adjustments, improve treatment efficacy, and minimize adverse effects in patients with multiple comorbidities.

Emphasizing real-world clinical challenges, this session will provide practical insights into integrating TDM into psychiatric practice, ensuring safer and more effective pharmacotherapy. Audience interaction will be encouraged through live voting and discussion to enhance learning and application in daily clinical settings.

None Declared

The presentation gives a narrative account of a case of ethnopsychiatry and criminology from the standpoint of the care network, with personal details supplied by the patient himself. The person involved, Mosè Barabba, was born in Sierra Leone where he was kidnapped and forced to become a child soldier at a very early age. He was brainwashed, brutalized and taught to admire and practice violence. He arrived in Italy at 16 years of age after a traumatic journey through North Africa, homeless and alone. At 19 years old, he was hospitalized for drug abuse, and then cared for by various associations (NAGA, CPS, SPDC). The presentation outlines his descent into substance abuse-induced violence and the first encounter with the law when he was twenty-five years old, followed by a return to a criminal environment after a first experience in a community. He was diagnosed with PSTD, NOS psychosis, behavioral issues related to substance abuse and chronic multifactorial hepatopathy. By the time he was 28 his violence had spiraled out of control and he was hospitalized by TSO, where the violence continued. He was committed to a two-year period in a REMS 1 , for psychopharmacological therapy with mood stabilizers. On his release from the REMS, he was placed in a rehabilitation program in AS.FRA 2 where positive results were obtained: his pathology was stabilized, with support he was able to abstain from substances and alcohol and he was receptive to therapy and rehabilitation. In 2021, then 31 years old, Mosé was considered to be well integrated into the community and was transferred to a CPA (a high protection residence for patients with psychiatric diagnosis).

None Declared

Exposure to Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) represents a significant, dose-dependent risk factor for the development of numerous psychiatric and physical disorders (including diabetes, myocardial infarction, obesity, alcoholism, drug addiction, etc.), as well as for poorer social outcomes (dropping out of school, unemployment, economic decline, unwanted pregnancies) and violent behaviour.

A history of maltreatment is found in 80–90% of young offenders, and about one quarter of individuals with a history of severe maltreatment receive criminal convictions. Among the forensic psychiatric patients admitted to the REMS (Residential Facilities for the Enforcement of Security Measures), we have likewise observed a high prevalence of maltreatment, abuse, neglect, and other traumatic events, including those related to war and migratory pathways.

We have treated some patients showing psychotic-spectrum symptoms (delusions, hallucinations) that did not respond to pharmacological treatment (including clozapine and clozapine–first-generation antipsychotic combinations). Their condition improved only when trauma-oriented psychotherapy, such as EMDR or Narrative Exposure Therapy for Forensic Offender Rehabilitation (FORNET), was added to antipsychotic treatment.

This observation raises critical questions about the overlap between psychotic and post-traumatic symptoms in offending patients with severe early victimization histories, and hence about the link between schizophrenia spectrum disorders and complex post-traumatic stress disorder. In light of ongoing conflicts, rising geopolitical tensions, and their impact on migration, the early diagnosis and effective treatment of these conditions are of paramount importance from both a public health perspective and from the standpoint of security and the prevention of violent offenses

None Declared

it is indisputable that against the backdrop of the popularity of various addictions among patients with schizophrenia, a joint study of the clinical and pathomorphological deformation of two nosologically phenomena of paranoid schizophrenia and, depending on modern drugs that are gaining popularity, synthetic cannabinoids in various ethnoterritorial groups is relevant.

to study the ethnoterritorial features of paranoid schizophrenia, comorbid with the abuse of synthetic cannabinoids, clinical dynamics, behaviour, and adaptation.

follow-up, clinical-psychopathological methods (PANS, SANS, CGI, MMPI, CGI, STAI, LSI, TPA, ICD-10), statistical (Python 3.11.0).

of the examination of 193 patients (aged from 18 to 35 years): 142 – patients with paranoid schizophrenia dependent on synthetic cannabinoids F20.xx+F12.2xx and 51 – F20.xx without drug addiction. The study took place from 2018 to 2024 in the database of psychiatric institutions in Russia - Tomsk region, St. Petersburg, Noyabrsk and Nizhnevartovsk.

The leading position among patients with schizophrenia who use synthetic cannabinoids in the temperate continental climate zone of Russia was occupied by such ethnic groups as the hierarchy: Russians, Tatars; Uzbeks; Germans; Azerbaijanis, and Armenians.

The phenomenon of abuse of synthetic cannabinoids leads to the development of diseases. Persistent exogenous visual and delirious disorders are included in the complex of symptoms of exacerbation of schizophrenia; A new symptom of pseudohallucinoids appears - thought disorders of an associative (fantasy) disease that arose against the background of long-term exogenous (toxic) effects of the drug on the subject type, usually against the background of a primary endogenous schizophrenic process

None Declared

Violence is commonly conceptualized as a behavioural act, yet its phenomenological underpinnings reveal significant distinctions between its manifestations in psychopathological conditions and in the general population. This presentation explores how violent behaviour, when emerging as a symptom of psychiatric disorders, differs in its affective structure, intentionality, and embodiment from other forms of aggression. Drawing from phenomenological theories of emotions, we will examine how emotions such as anger, rage, resentment, and hatred manifest differently in psychopathology, particularly in psychotic states, mood disorders, and personality disorders. Emotions are not merely internal states but are lived experiences embedded in bodily spatiality, affecting contraction, expansion, and relationality. In psychopathological contexts, these emotions frequently exhibit disturbances in their anchoring point (what triggers them) and condensation area (where they settle), often leading to dysregulated, disproportionate, or delusionally overdetermined expressions of violence. By contrasting normative anger—typically goal-directed, normatively regulated, and socially embedded—with its pathological counterparts, we uncover crucial distinctions. In conditions such as paranoid psychosis, anger is fused with persecutory delusions, altering its structure from a transient reaction to an entrenched, self-perpetuating stance. Similarly, borderline personality disorder presents dysregulated anger as a core feature, where affective instability fosters reactive aggression that lacks modulation. In psychotic disorders, violent outbursts may emerge in a dissociative or hallucinatory framework, leading to actions detached from conventional interpersonal dynamics. Through a phenomenological analysis, we emphasize how aggressive emotions in psychopathology lack the typical integration of selfhood and social intelligibility, contributing to a distinct kind of violence—one that challenges legal and ethical frameworks regarding responsibility, intentionality, and treatment. By refining our understanding of these differences, we improve both clinical assessment and therapeutic interventions for patients at risk of violent behaviour.

None Declared

Schizophrenia is associated with impaired mentalizing abilities, often conceptualized through Theory of Mind (ToM) paradigms, which highlight deficits in understanding cognitive and affective mental states. Empirical findings suggest that affective ToM impairments reduce the likelihood of violence, while deficits in cognitive ToM may increase its propensity. However, phenomenological approaches challenge the primacy of ToM, suggesting that schizophrenia’s core disturbance lies in the embodied self, specifically in the domain of interaffectivity—the pre-reflective, affective resonance between self and others.

Interaffectivity, rooted in early embodied interactions, forms the foundation of social and emotional connectedness. In schizophrenia, disruptions in this fundamental capacity result in a disconnection from the social environment and a breakdown in shared affective states. This disturbance may contribute to violence by impairing empathic resonance and fostering misinterpretations of social cues.

Phenomenological approaches offer a critical lens for understanding these disturbances, emphasizing the embodied and relational aspects of schizophrenia. By shifting the focus from purely cognitive deficits to fundamental disruptions of interaffectivity, these approaches may provide a roadmap for developing interventions that address the precursors of violence, fostering a multifaceted understanding and management of schizophrenia.

None Declared

Diagnosing psychiatric conditions that involve the intentional or unconscious production of symptoms remains a significant challenge in clinical practice. This presentation examines a clinical case that highlights the difficulties in distinguishing between Factitious Disorder, Conversion Disorder, and Simulation. A 34-year-old woman was admitted with sudden onset of neurological symptoms, including pseudo epileptic crises. Her symptoms fluctuated inconsistently with clinical observation and failed to correlate with established neurological patterns, raising the suspicion of Conversion Disorder. However, further investigation revealed inconsistencies in her medical history and a pattern of seeking unnecessary treatments, suggesting the possibility of Factitious Disorder. Additionally, external incentives, such as the potential for financial compensation, prompted consideration of Simulation. The case presents a diagnostic dilemma that underscores the overlapping features of these conditions.

Neuroimaging may provide valuable insights into the case, supporting the exclusion of neurological pathologies but also subtle changes in brain activity in the areas involved in emotional regulation and self-representation, which may suggest the involvement of underlying psychological factors common in both Conversion and Factitious Disorder.

This case exemplifies the critical nosological challenges in differentiating between Factitious Disorder, Conversion Disorder, and Simulation. It highlights the importance of a comprehensive clinical approach, including neuroimaging, thorough psychological assessment, and consideration of psychosocial factors. The discussion aims to deepen understanding of these complex disorders and promote more accurate and nuanced diagnostic practices in psychiatry.

None Declared

The recent years witnessed an increase in the knowledge regarding autoimmune encephalitis (AE). These autoimmune entities often present with mixed psychiatric and neurologic features and in up to 4% of the cases the presentation is purely psychiatric. The diagnosis can be made only through the discovery of Neuronal Surface Autoantibodies (NSAbs) in the Cerebro Spinal Fluid, but symptoms and signs of possible and probable diagnosis have been described (Pollack et al., 2020). However, NSAbs can be found also in peripheral blood in various percentage of patients. The role of these antibodies in psychiatric patients is yet not known.

The PHLAMES study aims at evaluating first episode psychosis (FEP) patients for signs and symptoms of AE in a psychiatric setting, with the double objective of assessing the diagnosis of AE and the role of circulating NSAbs in psychiatric patients, through clinical evaluation, biological samples, and neuroimaging.

In the PHLAMES study, all patients with FEP (<6 months from the onset) were tested with a diagnostic algorithm for signs or symptoms of AE. A complete psychiatric and neurologic assessment was performed; cognitive tests were administered. All patients underwent blood sample to test for circulating auto-antibodies against SNC structures.

A subsample also underwent MRI, including gadolinium contrast.

Analyses compared patients testing positive for serum NSAbs (NSAbs-POS) to those tested negative (NSAbs-Neg).

12.8% of the patients tested positive for serum NSAbs (NSAbs-POS). No difference in terms of age, sex, BMI, years od education, and ethnicity was found between groups.

Regarding the neurologic variables, NSAbs-POS significantly showed more memory deficits, parkinsonism signs, and speech disorders (p<0.001), compared to NSAbs-NEG patients. Similarly, NSAbs-POS patients presented a significant in TMT-A, Raven, and RAVLT scores (p<0.05) compared to NSAbs-NEG. Finally, NSAbs-POS patients presented an increased score at PANSS “Somatic implication” item and a reduced score at PANSS “Insight” (p<0.05) items, suggesting a higher concern of these patients regarding their help and a greater awareness of their condition.

Regarding MRI, differences are present between groups, both on structural and on contrasted images.

Our preliminary findings suggest the possibility that NSAbs-POS patients might represent a subpopulation of FEP with specific characteristics. These results are preliminary and need a confirmation in bigger samples, but they might represent a step towards the identification of clinically meaningful subgroups in FEP defined through an easy and not invasive test, helping to dissect the heterogeneity of psychiatric disorders and moving towards precision psychiatry.

None Declared

The differentiation between somatic and psychiatric disorders presents a significant challenge in clinical practice due to overlapping symptomatology and complex etiologies. This abstract proposes an integrated approach utilizing laboratory tests and neuroimaging techniques to enhance diagnostic accuracy and improve patient outcomes. Somatic disorders, characterized by physical symptoms with identifiable organic causes, often mimic psychiatric conditions, leading to misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment. Laboratory evaluations play a crucial role in ruling out medical conditions that may present with psychiatric-like symptoms. Thyroid function tests, vitamin B12 level assessments, and screening for infections are vital in this process. Routine blood tests further aid in detecting systemic conditions contributing to psychiatric presentations. Neuroimaging techniques offer visual insights into brain structure and function, facilitating the differentiation between psychiatric and neurological conditions. Structural imaging modalities like MRI and CT scans can reveal abnormalities such as tumors or lesions. Functional imaging, including PET and SPECT scans, assesses cerebral metabolism and blood flow, identifying anomalies associated with specific psychiatric disorders. Integrating laboratory tests with neuroimaging significantly enhances diagnostic precision. In suspected dementia cases, for instance, laboratory tests can exclude metabolic or infectious causes, while neuroimaging can identify characteristic patterns of Alzheimer’s disease or vascular dementia. This combined approach ensures a thorough evaluation, reducing misdiagnosis and facilitating targeted treatment strategies. Clinical studies have demonstrated the efficacy of this integrated approach in improving diagnostic accuracy for conditions like major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder. Functional neuroimaging has also proven instrumental in distinguishing between psychiatric disorders and neurological conditions such as epilepsy. Despite its advantages, this approach faces challenges, including cost, availability, and the need for standardized interpretation protocols. Future directions include advancements in neuroimaging accessibility, research into novel biomarkers, and the integration of artificial intelligence for enhanced diagnostic accuracy and personalized treatment planning. In conclusion, integrating laboratory tests with neuroimaging represents a significant advancement in the differential diagnosis of somatic and psychiatric disorders. This comprehensive approach facilitates accurate diagnosis, ensuring patients receive appropriate and effective treatment, ultimately leading to improved patient outcomes.

None Declared

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has evolved from philosophical musings to a crucial component of modern technology. The concept of using computer technology to simulate thinking and intelligent behavior was first described by Alan Turing in 1950. The Dartmouth Conference in 1956 marked a pivotal moment, coining the term “artificial intelligence” and fostering interdisciplinary collaboration. Further contributions to the development of AI theory were made by scholars such as John McCarthy, Valerie Barr, Edward Feigenbaum, Claude Shannon and others. The concept of creating AI is to form a system that would be able to operate autonomously, solving intellectual tasks in a manner similar to human cognitive processes. This is achieved by using algorithms that are translated into computer code containing instructions for quickly analyzing and transforming data into conclusions, information, or other outputs. Throughout the subsequent decades, AI experienced cycles of optimism and disillusionment, known as “AI winters,” primarily due to unmet expectations regarding computational capabilities and practical applications. The resurgence of AI in the 21st century can be attributed to breakthroughs in machine learning, especially deep learning, and the availability of vast datasets and increased computational power. Today, AI is defined broadly as the capability of a machine to imitate intelligent human behavior, encompassing a range of subfields including natural language processing, robotics, and computer vision. As AI continues to evolve, its definitions are adapted to address ethical considerations and the implications of autonomy in decision-making systems. Current discourse often examines AI not only as a technological phenomenon but also as a sociocultural force, raising questions about accountability, bias, and the future of work. This presentation will reflect the complex path of AI development and the shifting paradigms that define its scope and impact on modern society.

None Declared