Hostname: page-component-7dd5485656-g8tfn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-10-30T13:01:08.895Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A critical review of procedures for sampling populations of adult mosquitoes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 July 2009

M. W. Service
M. W. Service
Affiliation:
Department of Medical Entomology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

A critical review is presented of the many and varied procedures for sampling adult mosquitoes. All sampling methods are subject to bias, but human-bait collections are probably the most reliable single method for detecting and monitoring populations of anthropophilic species. The estimation of realistic man-biting rates, however, remains difficult. The recent advances in computer technology have generated considerable interest in population modelling, with the aim of getting a better insight into the complexities of population dynamics, mosquito control and disease transmission. Although such approaches may be informative, it is stressed that models should be based on meaningful values of the critical parameters and that these are best obtained from field populations. The difficulties of interpreting mosquito collections in both attractant traps, such as animal-baited traps, carbon-dioxide-baited traps and light-traps, and in non-attractant ones, such as Malaise traps, sticky traps, ramp traps, rotary traps, suction traps and vehicle-mounted traps, are described. Suction traps probably provide the least biased catches of aerial populations of mosquitoes, but, if populations as a whole are to be considered, then resting adults also must be adequately sampled, and this may prove difficult. It is emphasised that different trapping techniques usually sample different components of a population, and that the choice of sampling methods depends much on the type and quality of information required. The limitations of using mark-recapture techniques to study adult dispersal and obtain absolute population estimates are discussed, together with the advantages and disadvantages of applying simple and more complex mathematical procedures for analysing recapture data.

Information

Type
Review Article
Information
Bulletin of Entomological Research , Volume 67 , Issue 3 , September 1977 , pp. 343 - 382
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1977

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Acuff, V. R.. (1976). Trap biases influencing mosquito collecting.— Mosquito News. 36, 173–176.Google Scholar
Aitken, T. H. G.., Worth, C. B..,Jonkers, A. H.., Tikasingh, E. S. & Downs, W. G.. (1968a). Arbovirus studies in Bush Bush forest, Trinidad, W.I., September 1959–December 1964. II. Field program and techniques.— Am. J. trop. Med. Hyg. 17, 237–252.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aitken, T. H. G.., Worth, C. B.& Tikasingh, E. S.. (1968b). Arbovirus studies in Bush Bush forest, Trinidad, W.I., September 1959–December 1964. III. Entomological studies.— Am. J. trop. Med. Hyg. 17, 253–268.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Akiyama, J.. (1973). Interpretation of the results of baited trap net collections.— J. trop. Med. 76, 283–284.Google ScholarPubMed
Asahina, S.. (1970). On the transoceanic flight of mosquitoes. [In Japanese].— Jap. J. sanit. Zool. 21, 121.Google Scholar
Asahina, S.& Noguchi, K.. (1968). Long distance flight of Culex tritaeniorhynchus. [In Japanese].—Jap. J. sanit. Zool. 19, 110.Google Scholar
Austin, J. R.. (1973). External application of propoxur in village trials against Anopheles albimanus in El Salvador, Central America.— Mosquito News. 33, 16–22.Google Scholar
Bailey, C. L.& Gould, D. J.. (1975). Flight and dispersal of Japanese encephalitis vectors in northern Thailand. — Mosquito News. 35, 172–178.Google Scholar
Bailey, S. F.., Eliason, D. A.& Hoffmann, B. L.. (1965). Flight and dispersal of the mosquito Culex tarsalis Coquillett in the Sacramento Valley of California. — Hilgardia. 37, 73–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailly-Choumara, H.. (1973a). Étude comparative de différentes techniques de récolte de moustiques adultes (Diptera, Culicidae) faite au Maroc, en zone rurale. — Bull. Soc. Sci. nat. phys. Maroc. 53, 135–187.Google Scholar
Bailly-Choumara, H.. (1973b). Étude préliminaire d'une récolte d'Anopheles labranchiae par piége CDC réalisee dans la region de Larache, Maroc. — Bull. Wld Hlth Org. 49, 49–55.Google Scholar
Barr, A. R.., Smith, T. A.& Boreham, M. M.. (1960). Light intensity and the attraction of mosquitoes to light traps. — J. econ. Ent. 53, 876–880.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barr, A. R.., Smith, T. A.., Boreham, M. M.& White, K. E.. (1963). Evaluation of some factors affecting the efficiency of light traps in collecting mosquitoes. — J. econ. Ent. 56, 123–127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bartnett, R. E.& Stephenson, R. G.. (1968). Effect of mechanical barrier mesh size on light trap collections in Harris County, Texas. — Mosquito News. 28, 108.Google Scholar
Basio, R. G.& Santos-Basio, L.. (1974). On Philippine mosquitoes. XIV. Biting-cycles of some species in their natural forest habitat, with particular reference to Aedes albopictus. — Philipp. J. Biol. 3, 155–165.Google Scholar
Bates, M.. (1944). Observations on the distribution of diurnal mosquitoes in a tropical forest. — Ecology. 25, 159–170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bellamy, R. E.& Reeves, W. C.. (1952). A portable mosquito bait trap. — Mosquito News. 12, 256–258.Google Scholar
Bellec, C.. (1974). Les methodes d'échantillonnage des populations adultes de Simulium damnosum Theobald, 1903 (Diptera: Simuliidae) en Afrique de L'Ouest. — Thesis, Univ. Paris-Sud.Google Scholar
Belton, P.& Galloway, M. M.. (1966). Light-trap collections of mosquitoes near Belleville, Ontario, in 1965. — Proc. ent. Soc. Ontario. 96, 90–96.Google Scholar
Berlin, O. G.., Work, H. T.& Parra, D.. (1976). Preliminary observations on Culex tarsalis and Culex erythrothorax bionomics in a focus of arbovirus transmission. — Proc. Pap. ann. Conf. California Mosq. Control Ass. 44, 30–32.Google Scholar
Bidlingmayer, W. L.. (1964). The effect of moonlight on the flight activity of mosquitoes. — Ecology. 45, 87–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bidlingmayer, W. L.. (1966). Use of the truck trap for evaluating adult mosquito populations. — Mosquito News. 26, 139–143.Google Scholar
Bidlingmayer, W. L.. (1967). A comparison of trapping methods for adult mosquitoes: species response and environmental influence. — J. med. Entomol. 4, 200–220.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bidlingmayer, W. L.. (1971). Mosquito flight paths in relation to the environment. Illumination levels, orientation, and resting areas. — Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 64, 1121–1131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bidlingmayer, W.L.. (1974). The influence of environmental factors and physiological stage on flight patterns of mosquitoes taken in the vehicle aspirator and truck, suction, bait and New Jersey light traps. — J. med. Entomol. 11, 119–146.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bidlingmayer, W. L.. (1975). Mosquito flight paths in relation to the environment. Effect of vertical and horizontal visual barriers. — Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 68, 51–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bidlingmayer, W. L.& Edman, J. D.. (1967). Vehicle mounted aspirators. — Mosquito News. 27, 407–11.Google Scholar
Blagoveshenskii, D. I.., Bregetova, N. G.& Montchadskii, A. S.. (1943). Activity in mosquito attacks under natural conditions and its diurnal periodicity. [In Russian]. — Zool. Zh. Vkr. 22, 138–153.Google Scholar
Bond, H. A.., Craig, G. B.& Fay, R. W.. (1970). Field mating and movement of Aedes aegypti. — Mosquito News. 30, 394–402.Google Scholar
Bordash, G. J.., Adam, D. S.., Gusciora, W. R.., Sussman, O.& Goldfield, M.. (1972). A comparison of mosquito collections taken from dry ice supplemented and non-supplemented modified New Jersey light traps. — Proc. New Jers. Mosq. Exterm. Ass. 59, 132–146.Google Scholar
Boreham, P. F. L.. (1975). Some applications of bloodmeal identification in relation to the epidemiology of vector-borne tropical diseases. — J. trop. Med. Hyg. 78, 83–91.Google Scholar
Brady, J.. (1974). Calculation of anopheline man-biting densities from concurrent indoor and outdoor resting populations. — Ann. trop. Med. Parasit. 68, 359–361.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Breeland, S. G.. (1972a). Studies on the diurnal resting habits of Anopheles albimanus and A. pseudopunclipennis in El Salvador. — Mosquito News. 32, 99–106.Google Scholar
Breeland, S. G.. (1972b). Methods for measuring anopheline densities in El Salvador. — Mosquito News. 32, 62—72.Google Scholar
Breeland, S. G.. (1974). Population patterns of Anopheles albimanus and their significance to malaria abatement. — Bull. Wld Hlth Org. 50, 307–315.Google ScholarPubMed
Breeland, S. G.& GLASGOW, J. W.. (1967). An improved portable resting station for Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say. — Mosquito News. 27, 5–9.Google Scholar
Breeland, S. G.., Jeffery, G. M.. Lofgren, C. S.& Weidhaas, D. E.. (1974). Release of chemosterilized males for the control of Anopheles albimanus in El Salvador. I. Characteristics of the test site and the natural population. — Am. J. trop. Med. Hyg. 23, 274–281.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Breeland, S. G.& Pickard, E.. (1965). The Malaise trap-an efficient and unbiased mosquito collecting device. — Mosquito News. 25, 19–21.Google Scholar
Breyev, K. A.. (1958). On the use of ultra-violet light-traps for determining the specific composition and numbers of mosquito populations. [In Russian with English summary].— Paratit. Sborn. 18, 219–238.Google Scholar
Breyev, K. A.. (1963). The effect of various light sources on the numbers and species of blood-sucking mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) collected in light traps. [In Russian with English summary].— Ent. Obozr. 42, 280–303.Google Scholar
Brockway, P. B.., Eliason, D. A.& Bailey, S. F.. (1962). A wind directional trap for mosquitoes.— Mosquito News. 22, 404–405.Google Scholar
Bruce-Chwatt, L. J.., Garrett-Jones, C.& Weitz, B.. (1966). Ten year study (1955–64) of host selection by anopheline mosquitoes. — Bull. Wld Hlth Org. 35, 405–439.Google Scholar
Brucechwatt, L. J.& Gockel, C. W.. (1960). A study of the blood-feeding patterns of Anopheles mosquitoes through precipitin tests. Results of collaborative work for the period 1955–59 and their application to malaria eradication programmes. — Bull. Wld Hlth Org. 22, 685–720.Google Scholar
Buescher, E. L.., Scherer, W. F.., Rosenberg, M. Z.., Gresser, I.., Hardy, J. L.& Bullock, H. R.. (1959). Ecologic studies of Japanese encephalitis virus in Japan. II. Mosquito infection. — Am. J. trop. Med. Hyg. 8, 651–664.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bullock, H. R.., Murdock, W. P.., Fowler, H. W.& Brazzel, H. R.. (1959). Notes on the overwintering of Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles in Japan. — Mosquito News. 19, 184–188.Google Scholar
Burgess, R. J.& Muir, R. C.. (1970). A modification of the Johnson-Taylor suction trap to provide a twelve-hour segregation of the catch. — Rep. E. Mailing Res. Stn. (1969), 169–170.Google Scholar
Büttiker, W.. (1958). Notes on exophily in anophelines in south-east Asia. — Bull. Wld Hlth Org. 19, 1118–1123.Google ScholarPubMed
Buxton, P. A.. (1955). The natural history of tsetse flies. An account of the biology of the genus Glossina (Diptera). — Mem. Lond. Sch. Hyg. trop. Med. no. 10, xviii + 816 pp.Google Scholar
Carestia, R. R.& Horner, K. O.. (1968). Analysis of comparative effects of selected CO2 flow rates on mosquitoes using CDC light traps. — Mosquito News. 28, 408–411.Google Scholar
Carestia, R. R.& Savage, L. B.. (1967). Effectiveness of carbon dioxide as a mosquito attractant in the CDC miniature light trap. — Mosquito News. 27, 90–92.Google Scholar
Carnevale, P.& Le Pont, F.. (1973). Epidemiologie du paludism humain en République Populaire du Congo. II. Utilisation des piéges lumineux ‘CDC’ comme moyen d'échantillonnage des populations anophèliennes. — Cah. ORSTOM, sér. Entomol. méd. Parasit. 11, 263–273.Google Scholar
Carnevale, P.., Frexil, J. L.., BossenO, M.F.., Lepont, F.& Lancien, J.. (1976). Etude de l'agressivité d'Anopheles gambiae A en fonction de l'âge et du sexe des sujets humains. —17 pp. (mimeographed). Geneva, WHO. [WHO/MAL/76.874].Google Scholar
Causey, O. R.., Causey, C. E.., Maroja, O. M.& Macedo, D. G.. (1961). The isolation of arthropod-borne viruses, including members of two hitherto undescribed sero-logical groups in the Amazon region of Brazil. — Am. J. trop. Med. Hyg. 10, 227–249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chandler, J. A.., Boreham, P. F. L.., Highton, R. B.& Hill, M. N.. (1975a). A study of the host selection patterns of the mosquitoes of the Kisumu area of Kenya. — Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 69, 415–425.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chandler, J. A.& Highton, R. B.. (1975b). The succession of mosquito species (Diptera, Culicidae) in rice fields in the Kisumu area of Kenya, and their possible control. — Bull. ent. Res. 65, 295–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chandler, J. A.., Highton, R. B.& Hill, M. N.. (1976). Mosquitoes of the Kano Plain, Kenya. I. Results of indoor collections in irrigated and non-irrigated areas using human bait and light traps. — J. med. Entomol. 12, 504–510.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chandler, J. A.., Highton, R. B.& Hill, M. N.. (1976). Mosquitoes of the Kano Plain, Kenya. II. Results of outdoor collections in irrigated and non-irrigated areas using human bait and animal bait and light traps. — J. med. Entomol. 13, 202–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clyde, D. F.& Shute, G. T.. (1958). Selective feeding habits of anophelines amongst Africans of different ages. — Am. J. trop. Med. Hyg. 7, 543–545.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Colless, D. H.. (1959). Notes on the culicine mosquitoes of Singapore, VI—Observations on catches made with baited and unbaited trap-nets. — Ann. trop. Med. Parasit. 53, 251–258.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Conway, G. R.. (1970). Computer simulation as an aid to developing strategies for anopheline control. — Misc. Publs. ent. Soc. Am. 7, 181–193.Google Scholar
Conway, G. R.. & Murdie, G.. (1972). Population models as a basis for pest control, pp.195–213 in Jeffers, J. N. R.. (Ed.), Mathematical models in ecology. — 398 pp. Oxford, Blackwell Scientific.Google Scholar
Corbet, P. S.. (1961). Entomological studies from a high tower in Mpanga Forest, Uganda. VI. Nocturnal flight activity of Culicidae and Tabanidae as indicated by light-traps. — Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 113, 301–314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corbet, P. S.. (1964). Nocturnal flight activity of sylvan Culicidae and Tabanidae (Diptera) as indicated by light-traps: a further study. — Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (A) 39, 53–67.Google Scholar
Corbet, P. S.. (1966). Diel patterns of mosquito activity in a high arctic locality: Hazan Camp, Ellesmere Island, n.w.t. — Can. Ent. 98, 1238–1252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corbet, P. S.& Danks, H. V.. (1973). Seasonal emergence and activity of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in a high arctic locality. — Can. Ent. 105, 837–872.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corbet, P. S.& Smith, S. M.. (1974). Diel periodicities of landing of nulliparous and parous Aedes aegypti (L.) at Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (Diptera, Culicidae). — Bull. ent. Res. 64, 111–121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corbet, P. S. & Ssenkubuge, Y.. (1962). Mosquitoes attracted to various baits in forest, pp. 49–56in Rep. E. Afr. Virus Res. Inst. (1961–1962) no 12, 68 pp.Google Scholar
Cornet, M.& Chateau, R.. (1971). Intérêt du gaz carbonique dans les enquêtes sur les vecteurs sylvatiques du virus amaril. — Cah. ORSTOM, sér. Entomol. méd. Parasit. 9, 301–305.Google Scholar
Crans, W. J.., Downing, J. D.& Slaff, M. E.. (1976). Behavioral changes in the salt marsh mosquito, Aedes sollicitans, as a result of increased physiological age. — Mosquito News. 36, 437–445.Google Scholar
Crovello, T. J.& Hacker, C. S.. (1972). Evolutionary strategies in life table characteristics among feral and urban strains of Aedes aegypti (L.). — Evolution. 26, 185–196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cuéllar, C. B.. (1969a). A theoretical model of the dynamics of an Anopheles gambiae population under challenge with eggs giving rise to sterile males. —Bull. Wld Hlth Org. 40, 205–212.Google ScholarPubMed
Cuéllar, C. B.. (1969b). The critical level of interference in species eradication of mosquitoes. — Bull. Wld Hlth Org. 40, 213–219.Google Scholar
Cuéllar, C. B.., (1973a). A view of computer simulation in sterile male experiments, pp. 5–15in Computer models and application of the sterile-male technique.—195 pp. Vienna, IAEA. (Publ. no. STI/PUB/340).Google Scholar
Cuéllar, C. B.. (1973b). Dynamic aspects of the Pala sterile hybrid field experiment, pp. 113–118in Computer models and application of the sterile-male technique. — 195 pp. Vienna, IAEA. (Publ. no. STI/PUB/340).Google Scholar
Cupp, E. W.& Stokes, G. M.. (1976). Feeding patterns of Culex salinarius Coquillett in Jefferson Parish, Louisiana. — Mosquito News. 36, 332–335.Google Scholar
Curry, D. P.. (1939). Documented record of a long flight of Aedes sollicitans. — Proc. New Jers. Mosq. Exterm. Ass. 26, 36–39.Google Scholar
Davidson, G.. (1949). A field study on ‘Gammexane’ and malaria control in the Belgian Congo. 1. The anophelines of Yaligimba and their bionomics. — Ann. trop. Med. Parasit. 43, 361–372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davidson, G.. (1974). Genetic control of insect pests. — 158 pp. London, Academic Press.Google Scholar
Davies, F. G.& Walker, A. R.. (1974). Isolation of ephemeral fever virus from cattle and Culicoides midges in Kenya. — Vet. Rec. 95, 63–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davies, J. B.. (1971). A small mosquito trap for use with animal or carbon dioxide baits. — Mosquito News. 31, 441–143.Google Scholar
Davies, J. B.. (1973). A simple battery operated suction trap for insects attracted to animal, light or chemical bait. — Mosquito News. 33, 102–104.Google Scholar
Davies, J. B.. (1975). Moonlight and the biting activity of Culex (Melanoconion) portesi Senevet & Abonnenc and C. (M) taeniopus D. & K. (Diptera, Culicidae) in Trinidad forests. — Bull. ent. Res. 65, 81–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davies, L.& Roberts, D. M.. (1973). A net and a catch-segregating apparatus mounted in a motor vehicle for field studies on flight activity of Simuliidae and other insects. — Bull. ent. Res. 63, 103–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, E. W.& Gould, D. J.. (1973). A portable suction apparatus for collecting mosquitoes. — Mosquito News. 33, 246–247.Google Scholar
De Figueiredo, R. J. P.., Hacker, C. S.& Thompson, J. R.. (1975). A system approach to mosquito control. — J. env. Mgmt. 3, 63–76.Google Scholar
DeFoliart, G. R.. (1972). A modified dry ice–baited trap for collecting hematophagous Diptera. — J. med. Entomol. 9, 107–108.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DeFoliart, G. R.& Morris, C. D.. (1967). A dry ice-baited trap for the collection and field storage of hematophagous Diptera. — J. med. Entomol. 4, 360–362.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DeFreitas, E. N.., Shope, R. E.& Toda, A.. (1966). A blower trap for capturing mosquitoes. — Mosquito News. 26, 373–377.Google Scholar
De Kruijf, H. A. M.. (1970). Aspects of the ecology of mosquitoes in relation to the transmission of arboviruses in Surinam. —Thesis, Leiden; published by Drukkerij Bronder-Offset, Rotterdam, 100 pp.Google Scholar
De Meillon, B.., Paing, M.., Sebastian, A.& Khan, Z. H.. (1967). Outdoor resting of Culex pipiens fatigans in Rangoon, Burma. — Bull. Wld Hlth Org. 36, 67–73.Google ScholarPubMed
De Meillon, B.., Paterson, H. E.& Muspratt, J.. (1957). Studies on arthropod-borne viruses of Tongaland. II. Notes on the more common mosquitoes. —S. Afr. J. med. Sci. 22, 47–53.Google ScholarPubMed
Detinova, T. S.. (1962). Age-grouping methods in Diptera of medical importance with special reference to some vectors of malaria. — Monograph Ser. W.H.O. no. 47, 216 pp.Google ScholarPubMed
De Zulueta, J.. (1950). A study of the habits of the adult mosquitoes dwelling in the savannas of eastern Colombia. — Am. J. trop. Med. 30, 325–339.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Zuluetta, J.. (1952). Observations on mosquito density in an endemic malarious area in eastern Colombia. — Am. J. trop. Med. Hyg. 1, 314–329.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dietz, K.., Molineaux, L.& Thomas, A.. (1974). A malaria model tested in the African savannah. — Bull. Wld Hlth Org. 50, 347–357.Google ScholarPubMed
Dow, R. P.., Reeves, W. C.& Bellamy, R. E.. (1965). Dispersal of female Culex tarsalis into a larvicidedl area. — Am. J. trop. Med. Hyg. 14, 656–670.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dyce, A. L.., Standfast, H. A.& Kay, B. H.. (1972). Collection and preparation of bitingmidges (Fam. Ceratopogonidae) and other small Diptera for virus isolation. — J. Aust. ent. Soc. 11, 91–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edman, J. D.. (1971). Host-feeding patterns of Florida mosquitoes. I. Aedes, Anopheles, Coquillettidia, Mansonia and Psorophora. — J. med. Entomol. 8, 687–695.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Edman, J. D.. (1974). Host-feeding patterns of Florida mosquitoes. III. Culex (Culex) and Culex (Neoculex). — J. med. Entomol. 11, 95–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edman, J. D.., Cody, E.& Lynn, H.. (1975). Blood-feeding activity of partially engorged Culex nigripalpus (Diptera: Culicidae). — Entomologia exp. appl. 18, 261–268.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edman, J. D.., Evans, F. D. S.& Williams, J. A.. (1968). Development of a diurnal resting box to collect Culiseta melanura (Coq.). — Am. 1. trop. Med. Hyg. 17, 451–456.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Edman, J. D.& Lea, A. O.. (1972). Sexual behaviour of mosquitoes. 2. Large-scale rearing and mating of Culex for field experiments. — Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 65, 267–269.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edman, J. D.& Taylor, D. J.. (1968). Seasonal shift in the bird-mammal feeding ratio in a mosquito vector of human encephalitis. — Science, N.Y. 161, 67–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edman, J. D.& Webber, L. A.. (1975). Effect of vertebrate size and density on host-selection by caged Culex nigripalpus. — Mosquito News. 35, 508–512.Google Scholar
Edman, J. D.., Webber, L. A.& Schmid, A. A.. (1974). Effect of host defenses on the feeding pattern of Culex nigripalpus when offered a choice of blood sources. — J. Parasit. 60, 874–883.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elliott, R.. (1968). Studies on man-vector contact in some malarious areas in Colombia. — Bull. Wld Hlth Org. 38, 239–253.Google ScholarPubMed
Elliott, R.. (1972). The influence of vector behaviour on malaria transmission. — Am. J. trop. Med. Hyg. 21, 755–763.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Falk, J. H.. (1974). Estimating experimenter-induced bias in field studies: a cautionary tale. — Oikos. 25, 374–378.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fallis, A. M.& Smith, S. M.. (1964). Ether extracts from birds and CO2 as attractants for some ornithophilic simuliids. — Can. J. Zool. 42, 723–730.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fay, R. W.& Craig, G. B.. (1969). Genetically marked Aedes aegypti in studies of field populations. — Mosquito News. 29, 121–127.Google Scholar
Flemings, M. B.. (1959) An altitude biting study of Culex tritaeniorhynchus (Giles) and other associated mosquitoes in Japan. — J. econ. Ent. 52, 490–492.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fox, I.. (1958). The mosquitoes of the international airport, isla verde, Puerto Rico, as shown by light traps. — Mosquito News. 18, 117–124.Google Scholar
Fraissignes, B.., Chippaux, A.& Mouchet, J.. (1968). Captures de moustiques par des pièges lumineux associés à une source de gaz carbonique. — Med. trop. 28, 215–221.Google Scholar
Freyvogel, T. A.. (1961). Ein Beitrag zu den Problemen um die Blutmahlzeit von Stech– mucken. — Ada trop. 18, 201–251.Google Scholar
Gabaldon, A.., Ochoa-Palacios, M.& Perez-Vivas, M. A.. (1940). Estudios sôbre ano-felinos. Serie 1. Observaciones sôbre lecturas de trampas-establo con cebo animal. — Publ. Div. Malariol. no. 5, 41–56.Google Scholar
Garrett-Jones, C.. (1962). The possibility of active long-distance migrations by Anopheles pharoensis Theobald. — Bull. Wld Hlth Org. 27, 299–302.Google ScholarPubMed
Garrett-Jones, C.. (1970). Problems of epidemiological entomology as applied to malariology. — Misc. Publs ent. Soc. Am. 7, 167–180.Google Scholar
Garrett-Jones, C.& Magayuka, S. A.. (1975). Studies on the natural incidence of Plas-modium and Wuchereria infections in Anopheles in rural East Africa: I: Assessment densities by trapping hungry female Anopheles gambiae: species a. — 17 pp. (mimeographed). Geneva, WHO. [WHO/MAL/75.851].Google Scholar
GarrettJones, C.& Shidrawi, G. R.. (1969). Malaria vectorial capacity of a population of Anopheles gambiae. An exercise in epidemiological entomology. — Bull. Wld tilth Org. 40, 531–545.Google ScholarPubMed
Germain, M.., Eouzan, J. P.., Ferrara, L.& Button, J. P.. (1973). Donnees complementaires sur le comportement et l'écologie d'Aedes africanus (Theobald) dans le nord du Cameroun occidental. — Cah. ORSTOM, ser. Ent. med. Parasit. 11, 127–146.Google Scholar
Giglioli, M. E. C.. (1965). The age composition of Anopheles melas Theobald (1903) populations collected simultaneously by different methods in the Gambia, West Africa. — Cah. ORSTOM, sér. Ent. med. 3/4, 11–26.Google Scholar
Gillett, J. D.. (1974). Direct and indirect influences of temperature on the transmission of parasites from insects to man. pp. 79–95 in Taylor, A. E. R.& Muller, R.. (Eds.). The effects of meteorological factors upon parasites. —109 pp. Oxford, Blackwell Scientific.Google Scholar
Gillett, J. D.& Connor, J.. (1976). Host temperature and the transmission of arboviruses by mosquitoes. — Mosquito News. 36, 472–477.Google Scholar
Gillies, M. T.. (1954). Studies of house leaving and outside resting of Anopheles gambiae Giles and Anopheles funestus Giles in East Africa. i. — The outside resting population.— Bull. ent. Res. 45, 361–373.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gillies, M. T.. (1955). The density of adult Anopheles in the neighbourhood of an East African village. — Am. J. trop. Med. Hyg. 4, 1103–1113.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gillies, M. T.. (1957). Age-groups in the biting cycle in Anopheles gambiae. A preliminary investigation. — Bujil. ent. Res. 48, 553–559.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gillies, M. T.. (1961). Studies on the dispersion and survival of Anopheles gambiae Giles in East Africa, by means of marking and release experiments. — Bull. ent. Res. 52, 99–127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gillies, M. T.. (1969). The ramp trap, an unbaited device for flight studies of mosquitoes. — Mosquito News. 29, 189–193.Google Scholar
Gillies, M. T.. (1970). Assessment of control. Some problems in the measurement of anopheline populations. — Misc. Publs ent. Soc. Am. 7, 156–167.Google Scholar
Gillies, M. T.. (1972). Some aspects of mosquito behaviour in relation to the transmission of parasites, pp. 69–81 in Canning, E. U.& Wright, C. A.. (Eds.). Behavioural aspects of parasite transmission. — 219 pp. London, Linnean Society, Academic Press.Google Scholar
Gillies, M. T.& Snow, W. F.. (1967). A CO2-baited sticky trap for mosquitoes. — Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 61, 20.Google Scholar
Gillies, M. T.& Wilkes, T. J.. (1969). A comparison of the range of attraction of animal baits and of carbon dioxide for some West African mosquitoes. — Bull. ent. Res. 59, 441–456.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gillies, M. T.& Wilkes, T. J.. (1972). The range of attraction of animal baits and carbon dioxide for mosquitoes. Studies in a freshwater area of West Africa. — Bull. ent. Res. 61, 389–04.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gillies, M. T.& Wilkes, T. J.. (1974). The range of attraction of birds as baits for some West African mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae). — Bull. ent. Res. 63, 573–581.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gillies, M. T.& Wilkes, T. J.. (1976). The vertical distribution of some West African mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) over open farmland in a freshwater area of the Gambia. — Bull. ent. Res. 66, 5–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gjullin, C. M.., Brandl, D. G.& O'GRADY, J. J.. (1973). The effect of colored lights and other factors on the numbers of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus, C. tarsalis and Aedes sierrensis entering light traps. — Mosquito News. 33, 67–71.Google Scholar
Goodwin, M. H.. (1942). Studies on artificial resting places of Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say. — J. natn. Malar. Soc. 1, 93–99.Google Scholar
Gordon, W. M.& Gerberg, E. J.. (1945). A directional mosquito barrier trap. — J. natn. Malar. Soc. 4, 123–125.Google Scholar
Gould, D. J.., Edelman, R.., Grossman, R. A.., Nisalak, A.& Sullivan, M. F.. (1974). Study of Japanese encephalitis virus in Chiangmai Valley, Thailand. IV. Vector studies. — Am. J. Epidem. 100, 49–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Graham, J. E.& Bradley, I. E.. (1961). An evaluation of some techniques used to measure mosquito populations. — Proc. Utah Acad. Sci. 39, 77–83.Google Scholar
Graham, P.. (1969). A comparison of sampling methods for adult mosquito populations in central Alberta, Canada. — Quaest. ent. 5, 217–261.Google Scholar
Gruchet, H.. (1962). Etude de l'âge physiologique des femelles d'Anopheles funestus funestus Giles dans la region de Miandrivazo, Madagascar. — Bull. Soc. Path. exot. 55, 165–174.Google Scholar
Gubler, D. J.& Bhattacharya, N. C.. (1974). A quantitative approach to the study of ban-croftian filariasis. — Am. J. trop. Med. Hyg. 23, 1027–1036.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gunstream, S. E.& Chew, R. M.. (1967). A comparison of mosquito collection by Malaise and miniature light traps. — J. med. Entomol. 4, 495–496.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hacker, C. S.., Ling, W. W.., Hsi, B. P.& Crovello, T. J.. (1977). An application of mathematical modelling to the study of reproductive adaptations in the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. — J. med. Entomol. 13, 485–492.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hacker, C. S.., Scott, D. W.& Thompson, J. R.. (1973a). Time series analysis of mosquito population data. —J, med. Entomol. 10, 533–543.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hacker, C. S.., Scott, D. W.& Thompson, J. R.. (1973b). A forecasting model for mosquito population densities. — J. med. Entomol. 10, 544–551.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hacker, C. S.., Scott, D. W.& Thompson, J. R.. (1975). A transfer function forecasting model for mosquito populations. — Can. Ent. 107, 243–249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haddow, A. J.. (1945). The mosquitos of Bwamba county, Uganda. II. Biting activity with special reference to the influence of microclimate. — Bull. ent. Res. 36, 33–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haddow, A. J.. (1954). Studies of the biting-habits of African mosquitos. An appraisal of methods employed, with special reference to the twenty-four-hour catch. — Bull. ent. Res. 45, 199–242.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haddow, A. J.. (1956). Observations on the biting-habits of African mosquitos in the genus Eratmapodites Theobald. — Bull. ent. Res. 46, 761–772.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haddow, A. J.. (1961a). Entomological studies from a high tower in Mpanga forest, Uganda. VII. The biting behaviour of mosquitoes and tabanids. — Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 113, 315–335.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haddow, A. J.. (1961b). Studies on the biting habits and medical importance of East African mosquitos in the genus Aëdes. II. — Subgenera Mucidus, Diceromyia, Finlaya and Stegomyia.— Bull. ent. Res. 52, 317–351.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haddow, A. J.., Corbet, P. S.& Ssenkubuge, Y.. (1962). Trials of the efficiency of Lumsden trap, pp. 56–58in Rep. E. Afr. Virus Res. lnst. (1961–1962), no. 12, 68 pp.Google Scholar
Haddow, A. J.., Smithburn, K. C., Dick, G. W. A.., Kitchen, S. F.& Lumsden, W. H. R.. (1948). Implication of the mosquito Aedes (Stegomyia) africanus Theobald in the forest cycle of yellow fever in Uganda. — Ann. trop. Med. Parasit. 42, 218–223.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haddow, A. J.& Ssenkubuge, Y.. (1965). Entomological studies from a steel tower in Zika forest, Uganda. Part I. The biting activity of mosquitos and tabanids as shown by twenty-four-hour catches. — Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 117, 215–243.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haile, D. G.& Weidhaas, D. E.. (1977). Computer simulation of mosquito populations (Anopheles albimanus) for comparing the effectiveness of control technologies. — J. med. Entomol. 13, 553–567.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hamlyn-Harris, R.. (1933). Some ecological factors involved in the dispersal of mosquitos in Queensland. — Bull. ent. Res. 24, 229–232.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamon, J.. (1964). Observations sur l'emploi des moustiquaires-piéges pour la capture semi-automatique des moustiques. — Bull. Soc. Path. exot. 57, 576–588.Google Scholar
Harden, F. W.., Poolson, B. J.., Bennett, L. W.& Gaskin, R. C.. (1970). Analysis of Co2 supplemented mosquito adult landing rate counts. — Mosquito News. 30, 369–374.Google Scholar
Hargrove, J. W.. (1976). The effect of human presence on the behaviour of tsetse (Glossina spp.) (Diptera, Glossinidae) near a stationary ox. — Bull. ent. Res. 66, 173–178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hartstack, A. W.., Hollingsworth, J. P.. Lindquist, D. A.. (1968). A technique for measuring trapping efficiency of electric insect traps. — J. econ. Ent. 61, 546–552.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harwood, R. F.. (1962). Trapping overwintering adults of the mosquitoes Culex tarsalis and Anopheles freeborni. — Mosquito News. 22, 26–31.Google Scholar
Harwood, R. F.& Halfhill, J. E.. (1960). Mammalian burrows and vegetation as summer resting sites of the mosquitoes Culex tarsalis and Anopheles freeborni. — Mosquito News. 20, 174–178.Google Scholar
Haufe, W. O.& Burgess, L.. (1960). Design and efficiency of mosquito traps based on visual response to patterns. — Can. Ent. 92, 124–140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayes, R. O.., Bellamy, R. E.., Reeves, W. C.& Willis, M. J.. (1958). Comparison of four sampling methods for measurement of Culex tarsalis adult populations. — Mosquito News. 18, 218–227.Google Scholar
Hayes, R. O.., Kitaguchi, G. E.& Mann, R. M.. (1967). The ‘CDC sweeper’, a six-volt mechanical aspirator for collecting adult mosquitoes. — Mosquito News. 27, 359–363.Google Scholar
Hayes, R. O.., Tempelis, C. H.., Hess, A. D.& Reeves, W. C.. (1973). Mosquito host preference studies in Hale County, Texas. — Am. J. trop. Med. Hyg. 22, 270–277.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Headlee, T. J.. (1928). The development of mechanical apparatus for detecting the presence of mosquitoes in various localities. — Proc. New Jers. Mosq. Ex term. Ass. 15, 160–168.Google Scholar
Hemmings, R. J.. (1959). Observations on the operation of mosquito light traps with a cylindrical vertical screen. — Mosquito News. 19, 101.Google Scholar
Henderson, B. E.., Mccrae, A. W. R.., Kirya, B. G.., Ssenkubuge, Y.& Sempala, S. D. K.. (1972). Arbovirus epizootics involving man, mosquitoes and vertebrates at Lunyo, Uganda. — Ann. trop. Med. Parasit. 66, 343–355.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herbert, E. W.., Meyer, R. P.& Turbes, P. G.. (1972). A comparison of mosquito catches with CDC light traps and CO2-baited traps in the republic of Vietnam. — Mosquito News. 32, 212–214.Google Scholar
Hervy, J. P.. (1976). Rythme nycthemeral d'activité d'Aedes aegypti L., dans une localité à haute densite stégomyienne de savane soudanienne ouest-africane. — Cah. ORSTOM, sér. Ent. méd. Parasit. 14, 155–172.Google Scholar
Hibler, C. P.& Olsen, O. W.. (1965). A trap for hematophagous Diptera. — J. Parasit. 51, 1010–1011.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hill, M. N.. (1971). A bicycle-mounted trap for collecting adult mosquitoes. — J. med. Entomol. 8, 108–109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hobbs, J. H.., Lowe, R. E.& Schreck, C. E.. (1974). Studies of flight range and survival of Anopheles albimanus Wiedemann in El Salvador. I. Dispersal and survival during the dry season. — Mosquito News. 34, 389–393.Google Scholar
Hocking, B.. (1960). Smell in insects: a bibliography with abstracts. — EP tech. Rep. Def. Res. Brd Ottawa., no. 8, 266 pp.Google Scholar
Hocking, B.. (1970). Insect flight and entomologist's inheritance. — Ent. News. 81, 269–278.Google Scholar
Hocking, B.& Hudson, J. E.. (1974). Insect wind traps: improvements and problems. — Quaest. ent. 10, 275–284.Google Scholar
Hocking, B.& Khan, A. A.. (1966). The mode of action of repellent chemicals against blood-sucking flies. — Can. Ent. 98, 821–831.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hodgkin, E. P.. (1956) The transmission of malaria in Malaya. — Stud. Inst. med. Res. Malaya. no. 27, viii + 98 pp.Google Scholar
Hollingsworth, J. P.., Hartstack, A. W.& Lindquist, D. A.. (1968). Influence of near-ultraviolet output of attractant lamps on catches of insects by light traps. — J. econ. Ent. 61, 515–521.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hu, S. M. K.& Grayston, J. J.. (1962). Encephalitis on Taiwan. II. Mosquito collection and bionomic studies. — Am. J. trop. Med. Hyg. 11, 131–140.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huffaker, C. B.& Back, R. C.. (1943). A study of methods of sampling mosquito populations. — J. econ. Ent. 36, 561–569.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iha, S.. (1971). Feeding preference and seasonal distribution of mosquitoes in relation to the epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis in Okinawa main island. [In Japanese with English summary]. — Trop. Med. 12, 143–168.Google Scholar
Ikeuchi, M.. (1967). Ecological studies on mosquitoes collected by light traps, [in Japanese with English summary]. — Trop. Med. 9, 186–200.Google Scholar
Ishii, T.. (1970). Seasonal abundance of mosquitoes in Kyoto prefecture in 1969. [in Japanese]. — Ann Rep. Kyoto Pref. Inst. publ. Hlth. 15, 1–18.Google Scholar
Ishii, T.. (1971C). Seasonal prevalence of several species of mosquitoes caught in one light trap, [in Japanese with English summary]. — Ann. Rep. Kyoto Pref. Inst. publ. Hlth. 16, 51–54.Google Scholar
Ishii, T.. (1971b). Mosquito abundance surveyed with light trap: a comparison of operation for various numbers of nights a week (preliminary report), [in Japanese with English summary]. — Ann. Rep. Kyoto Pref. Inst. publ. Hlth. 16, 55–62.Google Scholar
Ishii, T.. (1975). Daily fluctuation of species-number composition in trap caught mosquito populations (preliminary report), [in Japanese with English summary]. — Ann. Rep. Kyoto Pref. Inst. publ. Hlth. 19, 63–68.Google Scholar
Ishii, T.& Karoji, Y.. (1975). Analysis of mosquito population dynamics by using trap collection. 1. Definition of collection index and estimation of its relative error. — Botyu–Kagaku. 40, 73–80.Google Scholar
Ishii, T.& Karoji, Y.. (1976a). Analysis of mosquito population dynamics by using trap collection. 2. A comparison of various sample populations collected simultaneously atone station. — J. Sci. Univ. Tokushima. 9, 15–46.Google Scholar
Ishii, T.& Karoji, Y.. (1976b). Confidence of the collection index of Japanese encephalitis vector mosquitoes collected inconsecutively by a light trap. — Physiol. Ecol. Japan. 17, 449–455.Google Scholar
Itô, S.. (1964). Collection of mosquitoes by light traps at four stations of Nagasaki city. — Endem. Dis. Bull. Nagasaki Univ. 6, 231–241.Google Scholar
Johnson, C. G.. (1957). The distribution of insects in the air and the empirical relation of density to height. — J. Anim. Ecol. 26, 479–494.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, C. G.& Taylor, L. R.. (1955a). The development of large suction traps for airborne insects. — Ann. appl. Biol. 43, 51–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, C. G.& Taylor, L. R.. (1955b). The measurement of insect density in the air. Part i. — Lab. Pract. 4, 187–192.Google Scholar
Johnson, C. G.. Taylor, L. R.. (1955C). The measurement of insect density in the air. Part ii. — Lab. Pract. 4, 235–239.Google Scholar
Johnson, J. G.., Weaver, J. W.& Sudia, W. D.. (1973). Flashlight batteries as a power source for CDC miniature light traps. — Mosquito News. 33, 190–194.Google Scholar
Jolivet, P., Ree, H. I.., Hong, H. K.& Wada, Y. (1975). Dispersal of Culex tritaenior-hynchus in Korea. — 6 pp. (mimeographed). Geneva, WHO. [WHO/VBC/75.559].Google Scholar
Joshi, G. P.., Fontaine, R. E.& Pradhan, G. D.. (1975). The CDC battery-operated light trap for assessment of An. gambiae and An. funestus in a WHO stage VII insecticide trial, Kisumu, Kenya.—7 pp. (mimeographed). Geneva, WHO. [WHO/VBC/75.578].Google Scholar
Kanda, T.., JOO, C. Y.& Choi, D. W.. (1975). Epidemiological studies on Malayan filariasis in an inland area of Kyungpook, Korea. (2) The periodicity of the microfilariae and the bionomics of the vector. — Mosquito News. 35, 513–517.Google Scholar
Katô, M.., Ishii, T.., Watanabe, T.& Yoshid, S.. (1966). A new dry ice trap for collecting mosquitoes. — Jap. J. sanit. Zool. 17, 83–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khan, A. A.., Maibach, H. I.& Strauss, W. G.. (1971). A quantitative study of variation in mosquito response and host attractiveness. — J. med. Entomol. 8, 41–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kloch, J. W.& Bidlingmayer, W. L.. (1953). An adult mosquito sampler. — Mosquito News. 13, 157–159.Google Scholar
Kyi, U. K. M.. (1964). Rapid and efficient methods for sampling anopheline populations in insecticide treated huts. — Burma med. J. 12, 130–134.Google Scholar
Lansdowne, C.& Hacker, C. S.. (1974). The effect of fluctuating temperature and humidities on the life table characteristics of five strains of Aedes aegypti. — J. med. Entomol. 11, 723–733.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindquist, A. W.., Ikeshoji, T.., Grab, B.., Demeillon, B.& Khan, Z. H.. (1967). Dispersion studies of Culex pipiens fatigans tagged with 32P in the Kemmendine area of Rangoon, Burma. — Bull. Wld Hlth Org. 36, 21–37.Google ScholarPubMed
Lloyd, J. E. & Pennington, R. G.. (1976). Mosquitoes collected in a CO2-baited CDC miniature light trap and a bovine-baited trap in Wyoming. — Mosquito News. 36, 457–59.Google Scholar
Love, G. J.& Goodwin, M. H.. (1961). Notes on the bionomics and seasonal occurrence of mosquitoes in southwestern Georgia. — Mosquito News. 21, 195–215.Google Scholar
Love, G. J.& Smith, W. W.. (1957). Preliminary observations on the relation of light trap collections to mechanical sweep net collections in sampling mosquito populations. — Mosquito News. 17, 9–14.Google Scholar
Lowe, R. E.., Schreck, C. E.., Hobbs, J. H.., Dame, D. A.& Lofgren, C. S.. (1975). Studies on flight range and survival of Anopheles albimanus Wiedemann in El Salvador. II. Comparisons of release methods with sterile and normal adults in wet and dry seasons. — Mosquito News. 35, 160–168.Google Scholar
Loy, V. A.., Barnhart, C. S.& Therrien, A. A.. (1968). A collapsible portable vehicle-mounted insect trap. — Mosquito News. 28, 84–87.Google Scholar
Luedke, A. J.& Jones, R. H.. (1972). Storage of bluetongue virus infected Culicoides variipennis. — Am. J. vet. Res. 33, 1875–1878.Google ScholarPubMed
Lumsden, W. H. R.. (1958). A trap for insects biting small vertebrates. — Nature, Lond. 181, 819–820.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Macdonald, W. W.., Sebastian, A.& Tun, M. M.. (1968). A mark-release-recapture experiment with Culex pipiens fatigans in the village of Okpo, Burma. — Ann. trop Med. Parasit. 62, 200–209.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maeda, M.. (1968). Ecology of Culex tritaeniorhynchus – the dispersal of adults. [In Japanese]. — Jap. J. sanit. Zool. 19, 137.Google Scholar
Maibach, H. I.., Khan, A. A.& Strauss, W. G.. (1966). Attraction of humans of different age groups to mosquitoes. — J. econ. Ent. 59, 302–1303.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mattingly, P. F.. (1949). Studies on West African forest mosquitos.—Part I The seasonal distribution, biting cycle and vertical distribution of four of the principal species. — Bull. ent. Res. 40, 149–168.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mcclelland, G. A. H.. (1957). Methods of collection of blood-fed females in the field. pp. 47–55in Rep. E.Afr. Virus Res. Inst. (1956–1957), 61 pp.Google Scholar
Mccrae, A. W. R.., Boreham, P. F. L.& Ssenkubuge, Y. (1976). The behavioural ecology of host selection in Anopheles implexus (Theobald) (Diptera, Culicidae). — Bull. ent. Res. 66, 587–631.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McDonald, J. L.& Savage, L. B.. (1973). Seasonal abundance of mosquito larval counts and adult light trap catches in Okinawa. — Mosquito News. 33, 105–107.Google Scholar
Menon, P. K. B.& Rajagopalan, P. K.. (1975). Some observations on resting and swarming behaviour of Culex pipiens fatigans in an urban situation. — 8 pp. (mimeographed). Geneva, WHO. [WHO/VBC/75.555].Google Scholar
Meyer, R. P.& Washino, R. K.. (1976). A comparison of northern California populations of Culiseta inornata (Williston): A progress report. — Proc. Pap. ann. Conf. California Mosq. Control Ass. 44, 116–119.Google Scholar
Miller, D. R.., Weidhaas, D. E.& Hall, R. C.. (1973). Parameter sensitivity in insect population modeling. — J. theor. Biol. 42, 263–274.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, T. A.., Stryker, R. G.., Wilkinson, R. N.& Esah, S.. (1970). The influence of moonlight and other environmental factors on the abundance of certain mosquito species in light-trap collection in Thailand. — J. med. Entomol. 7, 555–561.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Minéř, J.. (1959). The influence of meteorological factors to the activity of mosquitoes in south-western Bohemia. — Cslkd Parasit. 6, 57–74.Google Scholar
Minter, D. M.. (1961). A modified Lumsden. suction-trap for biting insects. — Bull. ent. Res. 52, 233–238.Google Scholar
Mitchell, C. J.& Chen, P. S.. (1973). Ecological studies on the mosquito vectors of Japanese encephalitis. — Bull. Wld Hlth Org. 49, 287–292.Google ScholarPubMed
Mogi, M.., Kawai, S.., Oda, T.., Nishigaki, J.., Suenaga, O.., It, S.., Miyaga, I.., Wada, Y.& Omori, N.. (1970). Ecology of vector mosquitoes of Japanese encephalitis, especially of Culex tritaeniorhynchus. 3. Seasonal changes in the time of being attracted to dry ice in the females of Culex tritaeniorhynchus. — Trop. Med. 12, 122–127.Google Scholar
Möhrig, W.. (1969). Die Culiciden Deutchlands. Untersuchungun zur Taxonomie, Biologie, und Ökologie der Einheimischen Stechmücken. — Parasit. SchrReihe. 18, 260 pp.Google Scholar
Monchadskii, A. S.& Radzivilovskaya, Z. A.. (1948). A new method of quantitative registration of the attacks of bloodsuckers. — Parazit. Sb. 9, 147–166.Google Scholar
Moon, T. E.. (1976). A statistical model of the dynamics of a mosquito vector (Culex tarsalis) population. — Biometrics. 32, 355–368.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moorhouse, D. E.& Wharton, R. H.. (1965). Studies on Malayan vectors of malaria; methods of trapping, and observations on biting cycles. — J. med. Entomol. 1, 359–370.Google ScholarPubMed
Morgan, N. O.& Uebel, E. C.. (1974). Efficacy of the Assateague insect trap in collecting mosquitoes and biting flies in a Maryland salt marsh. — Mosquito News. 34, 196–199.Google Scholar
Moriya, K.. et al (1971). On the mosquitoes collected on an artificial island, No. 2 Kaiho in Tokyo Bay. Special reference to migration of Culex tritaeniorhynchus, a vector of Japanese encephalitis. [In Japanese, with English summary]. — Bull. Kanagawa publ. Hlth Lab. 1, 33–38. (Original not seen; cited from Jolivet et al., 1975).Google Scholar
Mosby, H. S.. (1969). The influence of hunting on the population dynamics of a woodlot gray squirrel population. — J. Wildl. Mgmt. 33, 59–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muirhead-Thomson, R. C.. (1951). The distribution of anopheline mosquito bites among different age groups, a new factor in malaria epidemiology. — Br. Med. J. 1, 1114–1117.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muirhead-Thomson, R. C.. (1954). Factors determining the true reservoir of infection of Plasmodium falciparum and Wuchereria bancrofti in a West African village. — Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 48, 208–225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muirhead-Thomson, R. C.. (1958). A pit shelter for sampling outdoor mosquito populations. — Bull. Wld Hlth Org. 19, 1116–1118.Google ScholarPubMed
Muirhead-Thomson, R. C.. (1968). Ecology of insect vector populations. — 174 pp. LondonAcademic Press.Google Scholar
Muirhead-Thomson, R. C.& Mercier, E. C.. (1952). Factors in malaria transmission by Anopheles albimanus in Jamaica. Part 1. — Ann. trop. Med. Parasit. 46, 103–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mulhern, T. D.. (1942). New Jersey mechanical trap for mosquito surveys. — Circ. New Jers. agric. Exp. Stn. no. 421, 8pp.Google Scholar
Mulhern, T. D.. (1953a). Better results with mosquito light traps through standardizing mechanical performance. — Mosquito News. 13, 130–133.Google Scholar
Mulhern, T. D.. (1953b). The use of mechanical traps in measuring mosquito populations. — Proc. Pap. ann. Conf. California Mosq. Control Ass. 21, 64–66.Google Scholar
Nájera, J. A.. (1974). A critical review of the field application of a mathematical model of malarial eradication. — Bull. Wld Hlth Org. 50, 449–457.Google Scholar
Nájera, J. A.., Shidrawi, G. R.., Story, J.& Lietart, P. E. A.. (1973). Mass drug administration and DDT indoor-spraying as antimalarial measures in the northern savanna of Nigeria. — 34 pp. (mimeographed). Geneva, WHO. [WHO/MAL/73.817].Google Scholar
Nelson, R. L.., Tempelis, C. H.., Reeves, W. C.& Milby, M. M.. (1976). Relation of mosquito density to bird: mammal feeding ratios of Culex tarsalis in stable traps. — Am. J. trop. Med. Hyg. 25, 644–654.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Newhouse, V. F.., Chamberlain, R. W.., Johnston, J. G.& Sudia, W. D.. (1966). Use of dry ice to increase mosquito catches of the CDC miniature light trap. — Mosquito News. 26, 30–35.Google Scholar
Nielsen, E. T.. (1960). A note on stationary nets. — Ecology. 41, 375–376.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nielsen, E. T.& Haeger, J. S.. (1960). Swarming and mating in mosquitoes. — Misc. Publs ent. Soc. Am. 1, 71–95.Google Scholar
Odetoyinbo, J. A.. (1969). Preliminary investigation on the use of a light-trap for sampling malaria vectors in the Gambia. — Bull. Wld Hlth Org. 40, 547–560.Google ScholarPubMed
Omori, N.., Wada, Y.., Kawai, S.., Ito, S.., Oda, T.., Suenaga, O..,Nishigaki, H. Jr., Hayashi, K.& Mifune, K.. (1965). Preliminary notes on the collection of hibernated females of Culex tritaeniorhynchus in Nagasaki. — Endem. Dis. Bull. Nagasaki Univ. 7, 147–153.Google Scholar
Onishi, A.. (1959). Influence of moonlight on mosquito collection with the light trap. [In Japanese with English summary]. — Shikoku Ada med. 15, 1993–1998.Google Scholar
Panday, R. S.. (1975a). Mosquito identification studies in a savanna forest in Surinam. — Mosquito News. 35, 141–146.Google Scholar
Panday, R. S.. (1975b). Mosquito identification studies in a typical coastal area in northern Surinam. — Mosquito News. 35, 297–301.Google Scholar
Parsons, R. E.., Dondero, T. J.& Hooi, C. W.. (1974). Comparison of CDC miniature light traps and human biting collections for mosquito catches during malaria vector surveys in peninsular Malaysia. — Mosquito News. 34, 211–213.Google Scholar
Pennington, R. G.& Lloyd, J.E.. (1975). Mosquitoes captured in a bovine-baited trap in a Wyoming pasture subject to river and irrigation flooding. — Mosquito News. 35, 402–408.Google Scholar
Pillai, J. S.& Macnamara, F. N.. (1968). A portable mosquito trap for use with a bantam fowl. — Mosquito News. 28, 87–90.Google Scholar
Pippin, W. F.. (1965). Notes of the operation of a light trap in central Luzon, Philippine islands. — Mosquito News. 25, 183–187.Google Scholar
Pratt, H. D.. (1944). Studies on the comparative attractiveness of 25-, 50- and 100- watt bulbs for Puerto Rican Anopheles. — Mosquito News. 4, 17–18.Google Scholar
Pratt, H. D.. (1948). Influence of the moon on light trap collections of Anopheles albimanus in Puerto Rico. — J. natn. Malar. Soc. 7, 212–220.Google ScholarPubMed
Provost, M. W.. (1952). The dispersal of Aedes taeniorhynchus. I. Preliminary studies. — Mosquito News. 12, 174–190.Google Scholar
Provost, M. W.. (1957). The dispersal of Aedes taeniorhynchus. II. The second experiment. — Mosquito News. 17, 233–247.Google Scholar
Provost, M. W.. (1958). Mating and male swarming in Psorophora mosquitoes. — Proc. Int. Congr. Ent. no. 10 (1956), 2, 553–561.Google Scholar
Provost, M. W.. (1959). The influence of moonlight on light-trap catches of mosquitoes. — Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 52, 261–271.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Provost, M. W.. (1960). The dispersal of Aedes taeniorhynchus. III. Study methods for migrating exodus. — Mosquito News. 20, 148–161.Google Scholar
Rahman, S. J.& Menon, P. K. B.. (1975). On the use of sweepnets for the collection of anopheline mosquitos resting indoors. — 3pp. (mimeographed). Geneva, WHO.[WHO/VBC/75.561].Google Scholar
Rainey, M. B.., Warren, G. V.., Hess, A. D.& Blackmore, J. S.. (1962). A sentinel chicken shed and mosquito trap for use in encephalitis field studies. — Mosquito News. 22, 337–342.Google Scholar
Rajagopalan, P. K.., Menon, P. K. B.& Brooks, G. B.. (1975a). A study of some aspects of C. pipiens fatigans populations in an urban area, Faridabad, northern India. — 13 pp. (mimeographed). Geneva, WHO. [WHO/VBC/75.539].Google Scholar
Rajagopalan, P. K.., Brooks, G. D.., Menon, P. K. B.& Mani, T. R.. (1975ft). Observations on the biting activity and flight periodicity of Culex pipiens fatigans in an urban area. — 15 pp. (mimeographed). Geneva, WHO.[WHO/VBC/75.544].Google Scholar
Ree, H. I.., Chen, Y. K.& Chow, C. Y.. (1969). Methods of sampling populations of the Japanese encephalitis vector mosquitoes–A preliminary report. — Med. J. Malaya. 23, 293–295.Google ScholarPubMed
Ree, H. I.., Wada, Y.., Jolivet, P. H. A.., Hong, H. K.., Self, L. S.& Lee, K. W.. (1976). Studies on over-wintering of Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles in the Republic of Korea. — Cah. ORSTOM sér. Ent. méd. Parasit. 14, 105–109.Google Scholar
Reeves, W. C.. (1953). Quantitative field studies on a carbon dioxide chemotropism of mosquitoes. — Am. J. trop. Med. Hyg. 2, 325–331.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reeves, W. C., Tempelis, C. H.., Bellamy, R. E.& Lofy, M. F.. (1963). Observations on the feeding habits of Culex tarsalis in Kern County, California, using precipitating antisera produced in birds. — Am. J. trop. Med. Hyg. 12, 929–935.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rehn, J. W. H.., Maldonadocapriles, J.& Henderson, J. M.. (1950). Field studies on the bionomics of Anopheles albimanus. Parts II and III: diurnal resting places – Progress report. — J. natn. Malar. Soc. 9, 268–279.Google ScholarPubMed
Reid, J. A.. (1961). The attraction of mosquitos by human or animal bait in relation to the transmission of disease. — Bull. ent. Res. 52, 43–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reuben, R.. (1971). Studies on the mosquitoes of North Arcot district, Madras State, India. Part 2. Biting cycles and behaviour on human and bovine baits at two villages. — J. med. Entomol. 8, 127–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reuben, R.., Panicker, K. N.., Brooks, G. D.& Ansari, M. A.. (1975). Studies on dispersal and loss rates of male Aedes aegypli (L.) in different seasons at Sonepat, India.— J.communbl. Dis. 7. 301–312Google Scholar
Reuben, R.., Yasuno, M.., Panicker, K. N.& Labrecque, G. C.. (1973). The estimation of adult populations of Aedes aegypti at two localities in Delhi, India. — J. communbl. Dis. 5, 154–162.Google Scholar
Ribbands, C. R.. (1946). Moonlight and house-haunting habits of female anophelines in West Africa. — Bull. ent. Res. 36, 395–417.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roberts, R. H.. (1970). Color of Malaise trap and the collection of Tabanidae. — Mosquito News. 30, 567–571.Google Scholar
Roberts, R. H.. (1972). Relative attractiveness of CO2 and a steer to Tabanidae, Culicidae and Stomoxys calcitrans (L.). — Mosquito News. 32, 208–211.Google Scholar
Roberts, R. H.. (1975a). Relationship between the amount of CO2 and the collection of Tabanidae in Malaise traps. — Mosquito News. 35, 150–154.Google Scholar
Roberts, R. H.. (1975b). Influence of trap screen age on collections of tabanids in Malaise traps. — Mosquito News. 35, 538–539.Google Scholar
Roberts, R. H.. (1976). The comparative efficiency of six trap types for the collection of Tabanidae (Diptera). — Mosquito News. 36, 530–535.Google Scholar
Roeder, K. D.. (1953). Insect physiology. — 1100 pp. New York, Wiley.Google Scholar
Ross, R.. (1902). Mosquito brigades and how to organise them. — 98 pp. London, George Philip.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, P. F.., Knipe, F. W.., Rao, T. R.& Putnam, P.. (1944). Some experiments on flight range of Anopheles culicifacies.— J. exp. Zool. 97, 135–163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sasa, M.& Sabin, A. B.. (1950). Ecological studies on the mosquitoes of Okayama in relation to the epidemiology of Japanese B encephalitis. — Am. J. Hyg. 51, 21–35.Google Scholar
Scanlon, J. E.& Sandihand, U.. (1965). The distribution and ecology of Anopheles balaba-censis in Thailand (Diptera: Culcidae). — J. med. Entomol. 2, 61–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scherer, W. F.., Buescher, E. L.., Flemings, M. B.., Noguchi, A.& Scanlon, J.. (1959). Ecologic studies of Japanese encephalitis virus in Japan. III. Mosquito factors. Zootropism and vertical flight of Culex tritaeniorhynchus with observations on variations in collections from animal-baited traps in different habitats. — Am. J. trop. Med. Hyg. 8, 665–677.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schoof, H. F.. (1944). Adult observation stations to determine effectiveness of the control of Anopheles quadrimaculatus. — J. econ. Ent. 37, 770–779.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schreck, C. E.., Gouck, H. K.& Posey, K. H.. (1970). An experimental plexiglass mosquito trap utilizing carbon dioxide. — Mosquito News. 30, 641–645.Google Scholar
Schreck, C. E.., Gouck, H. K.& Posey, K. H.. (1972). The range of effectiveness and trapping efficiency of a plexiglass mosquito trap baited with carbon dioxide. — Mosquito News. 32, 496–501.Google Scholar
Seber, G. A. F.. (1973). The estimation of animal abundance and related parameters.— 506pp. London, Griffin.Google Scholar
Self, L. S.., Nelson, M. J.., Pant, C. P.., Saroso, J. S.& Usman, S.. (1975). Ecological studies on vectors of malaria, Japanese encephalitis and filariasis in rural areas of West Africa. — 21 pp. (mimeographed). Geneva, WHO. [WHO/VBC/75.598].Google Scholar
Self, L. S.., Shin, H. K.., Kim, K. H.., Lee, K. W.., Chow, C. Y.& Hong, H. K.. (1973). Ecological studies on Culex tritaeniorhynchus as a vector of Japanese encephalitis. — Bull. Wld Hlth Org. 49, 41–47.Google ScholarPubMed
Senior White, R. A.. (1952). Studies on the bionomics of A. aquasalis Curry, 1932 (concld.) Part III. — IndianJ Malar. 6, 29–72.Google Scholar
Senior White, R. A.., Ghosh, A. R.., Rao, J. V. V.. (1945). On the adult bionomics of some Indian anophelines: with special reference to malaria control by pyrethrum-spraying. — J. Malar. Inst. India. 6, 129–245.Google Scholar
Senior White, R. A. & Rao, V. V.. (1946). On the relative efficiency of hand and spray catching of mosquitoes. — J. Malar. Inst. India. 6, 411–416.Google Scholar
Service, M. W.. (1963). The ecology of the mosquitoes of the northern Guinea savannah of Nigeria. — Bull. ent. Res. 54, 601–632.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Service, M. W.. (1969a). Observations on the ecology of some British mosquitoes. — Bull. ent. Res. 59, 161–194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Service, M. W.. (1969b). The use of traps in sampling mosquito populations. — Entomologia exp. appl. 12, 403–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Service, M. W.. (1970). A battery-operated light-trap for sampling mosquito populations. — Bull. Wld Hlth Org. 43, 635–641.Google ScholarPubMed
Service, M. W.. (1971a). The daytime distribution of mosquitoes resting amongst vegetation. — J. med. Entomol. 8, 271–278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Service, M. W.. (1971b). A reappraisal of the role of mosquitoes in the transmission of myxomatosis in Britain. — J. Hyg., Camb. 69, 105–111.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Service, M. W.. (1971C). Feeding behaviour and host preferences of British mosquitoes. — Bull. ent. Res. 60, 653–661.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Service, M. W.. (1971a). Flight periodicities and vertical distribution of Aedes cantans (Mg.), Ae. geniculatus (Ol.), Anopheles plumbeus Steph. and Culex pipiens L. (Dipt.. Culicidae) in southern England. — Bull. ent. Res. 60, 639–651.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Service, M. W.. (1973). Flight activities of mosquitoes with emphasis on host seeking behaviour, pp. 125–132 in Hudson, A.. (Ed.). Biting fly control and environmental quality. Proceedings of a symposium held at the University of Alberta, Edmonton, May 16–18, 1972.—162 pp. Ottawa, Information Canada.Google Scholar
Service, M. W.. (1974). Further results of catches of Culicoides and mosquitoes from suction traps. — J. med. Entomol. 11, 471–479.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Service, M. W.. (1976). Mosquito ecology. Field sampling methods. — 544 pp. London, Applied Science Publishers.Google Scholar
Service, M. W.. (1977).Ecological and biological studies on Aedes cantans (Meig.) (Diptera: Culicidae) in southern England. — J. appl. Ecol.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shalaby, A. M.. (1971). Sampling of outdoor resting populations of Anopheles culicifacies and Anopheles fluviatilis in Gujarat State, India. — Mosquito News 31, 68–73.Google Scholar
Shalaby, A. M.. (1972). A study of the outdoor population of anopheline mosquitoes in Gujarat State of India. — Bull. Soc. ent. Egypte. 56, 369–388.Google Scholar
Shemanchuk, J. A.. (1965). On the hibernation of Culex tarsalts Coquillett, Culiseta inornata Williston and Anopheles earlei Vargas, (Diptera, Culicidae). — Mosquito News. 25, 456–462.Google Scholar
Sheppard, P. M.., Macdonald, W. W.., Tonn, R. J.& Grab, B.. (1969). The dynamics of an adult population of Aedes aegypti in relation to dengue haemorrhagic fever in Bangkok. — J. Anim. Ecol. 38, 661–702.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shimizu, Y.., Takahashi, M.& Yabe, S.. (1969). Use of the truck trap for the survey of mosquito population and the physiological age composition. [In Japanese with English summary]. — Jap. J. sanit. Zool. 20, 76–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siverley, R. E.., Defoliart, G. R.. (1968). Mosquito studies in Northern Wisconsin. II Light trapping studies. — Mosquito News. 28, 162–167.Google Scholar
Snow, W. E.. (1949). Studies on portable resting stations for Anopheles quadrimaculatus in the Tennessee valley. — J. natn. Malar. Soc. 8, 336–343.Google ScholarPubMed
Snow, W. E.& Pickard, E.. (1957). Correlation of vertical and horizontal flight activity of Mansonia perturbans with reference to marked changes in light intensity (Diptera, Culicidae). — Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 50, 306–311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snow, W. F.. (1970). The effect of a reduction in expired carbon dioxide on the attractiveness of human subjects to mosquitoes. — Bull. ent. Res. 60, 43–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snow, W. F.. (1975). The vertical distribution of flying mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) in West African savanna. — Bull. ent. Res. 65, 269–277.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snow, W. F.. (1976). The direction of flight of mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) near the ground in West African savanna in relation to wind direction, in the presence and absence of bait. — Bull. ent. Res. 65 (1975), 555–562.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sommerman, K. M.& Simmet, R. P.. (1965). Car-top insect trap with terminal cage in auto. — Mosquito News. 25, 172–182.Google Scholar
Sommerman, K. M.& Simmet, R. P.. (1967). Versatile mosquito trap. — Mosquito News. 27, 412–117.Google Scholar
Spencer, M.. (1967). Anopheline attack on mother and infant pairs, Fergusson Island. — Papua New Guin. med. J. 10, 75.Google Scholar
Steelman, C. D.., Richardson, C. G.., Schaefer, R. E.& Wilson, B. H.. (1968). A collapsible truck-boat trap for collecting blood-fed mosquitoes and tabanids. — Mosquito News. 28, 64–67.Google Scholar
Stewart, W. W. A.. (1970). A modified CDC light trap. — Mosquito News. 30, 188–191.Google Scholar
Sudia, W. D.& Chamberlain, R. W.. (1962). Battery-operated light trap, an improved model. — Mosquito News. 22, 126–129.Google Scholar
Sun, W. K. C.. (1962). A study of the seasonal succession of some medically important insects in the Taipei area. — Biol. Bull. Tunghai Univ. 10, 1–19.Google Scholar
Takahashi, M.., Yabe, S.& Shimizu, Y.. (1971). Observations on the feeding habits of some mosquitoes in Gunma prefecture, Japan. — Jap. J. med. Sci. Biol. 24, 163–169.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Takeda, U.., Kurihara, T.., Suzuki, T.., Sasa, M.., Miura, A.., Matsumoto, K.& Tanaka, H.. (1962). Studies on a collection method of mosquitoes by dry ice and a mosquito net. [In Japanese with English summary.] — Jap. J. sanit. Zool. 13, 31–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, L. R.. (1951). An improved suction trap for insects. — Ann. appl. Biol. 38, 582–591.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, L. R.. (1962). The absolute efficiency of insect suction traps. — Ann. appl. Biol. 50, 405–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, L. R.& Brown, E. S.. (1972). Effects of light-trap design and illumination on samples of moths in the Kenya highlands. — Bull. ent. Res. 62, 91–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, L. R.& Palmer, J. M. P.. (1972). Aerial sampling, pp. 189–234 in HF, vanEmden (Ed.). Aphid technology with special reference to the study of aphids in the field. — 344 pp. London, Academic Press.Google Scholar
Teesdale, C.. (1955). Studies on the bionomics of Aedes aegypti (L.) in its natural habitats in a coastal region of Kenya. — Bull. ent. Res. 46, 711–742.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teesdale, C.. (1959). Observations on the mosquito fauna of Mombasa. — Bull. ent. Res. 50, 191–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tempelis, C. H.., Hayes, R. O.., Hess, A. D.& Reeves, W. C.. (1970). Blood-feeding habits of four species of mosquitoes found in Hawaii. — Am. J. trop. Med. Hyg. 19, 335–341.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tempelis, C. H.., Reeves, W. C., Bellamy, R. E.& Lofy, M. F.. (1965). A three-year study of the feeding habits of Culex tarsalis in Kern County, California. — Am. J. trop. Med. Hyg. 14, 170–177.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thomas, T. C. E.. (1951). Biting activity of Anopheles gambiae. — Brit. med. J. 2, 1402.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thompson, B. H.. (1976). Studies on the attraction of Simulium damnosum s.l. (Diptera: Simuliidae) to its hosts. I. The relative importance of sight, exhaled breath, and smell. — Z. Tropenmed. Parasit. 27, 455–473.Google ScholarPubMed
Tonn, R. J.., Bang, Y. H.. Pwele, A.. (1973). Studies on Aedes simpsoni and Aedes aegypti in three rural coastal areas of Tanzania. — 16 pp. (mimeographed). Geneva, WHO. [(WHO/VBC/73.442)].Google Scholar
Trpis, M.. (1962). Neue Erkenntnisse über eine Forschungsmethodik der Bestimmung der Aktivität von Stechmücken. — Biologia, Bratisl. 17, 123–129.Google Scholar
Trpis, M.. (1971). Seasonal variation in adult populations of Aedes aegypti in the Dar es Salaam area, Tanzania. — 29 pp. (mimeographed). Geneva, WHO. [WHO/VBC/71.291].Google Scholar
Trpis, M.& Hausermann, W.. (1975). Demonstration of differential domesticity of Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera, Culicidae) in Africa by mark-release-recapture. — Bull. ent. Res. 65, 199–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trpis, M.., Mcclelland, G. A. H.., Gillett, J. D.., Teesdale, C.& Rao, T. R.. (1973). Diel periodicity in the landing of Aedes aegypti on man. — Bull. Wld Hlth Org. 48, 623–629.Google ScholarPubMed
Vale, G. A.. (1974a). New field methods for studying the responses of tsetse flies (Diptera, Glossinidae) to hosts. — Bull. ent. Res. 64, 199–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vale, G. A.. (19746). The responses of tsetse flies (Diptera, Glossinidae) to mobile and stationary baits. — Bull. ent. Res. 64, 545–588.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Peenen, P. F. D.., Atmosoedjono, S.., Lien, J. C.& Saroso, S.. (1972). Seasonal abundance of Aedes aegypti in Djakarta, Indonesia. — Mosquito News. 32, 176–179.Google Scholar
Van Someren, E. C. C., Heisch, R. B.& Furlong, M.. (1958). Observations on the behaviour of some mosquitos of the Kenya coast. — Bull. ent. Res. 49, 643–660.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Verheijen, F. J.. (1960). The mechanism of the trapping effect of artificial light sources upon animals. — Arch. need. Zool. 13, 1–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Viswanathan, D. K.., Rao, T. R.& Bhatia, S. C.. (1952). The validity of estimation of Anopheles densities on the basis of hand collection on a timed basis from fixed catching stations. — Indian J. Malar. 6, 199–213.Google ScholarPubMed
Viswanathan, D. K.., Rao, T. R.., Halgeri, A. V.& Karandikar, V. S.. (1950). Observations on Anopheles densities in indoor shelters during the forenoon, afternoon and night. — Indian J. Malar. 4, 533–547.Google ScholarPubMed
Wada, Y.., Kawai, S.., Oda, T.., Miyagi, I.., Suenaga, O.., Nishigaki, J.., Omori, N.., Takahashi, K.., Matsuo, R.., Itoh, T.& Takatsuki, Y.. (1969). Dispersal experiments of Culex tritaeniorhynchus in Nagasaki area (preliminary report). — Trop. Med. 11, 37–44.Google Scholar
Wada, Y.., Miura, T.., Kamiya, M.& Tayokawa, K.. (1968). Mosquitoes overwintering in Izu Peninsula and Mt. Nokogiri. — Jap. J. sanit. Zool. 19, 82–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wagner, V. E.., Tully, G. A.., Goodman, E. D.& Newson, H. D.. (1975). A computer simulation model for population studies of woodland pool Aedes mosquitoes. — Envir. Ent. 4, 905–919.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker, A. R.& Boreham, P. F. L.. (1976). Saline as a collecting medium for Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) in blood feeding and other studies. — Mosquito News. 36, 18–20.Google Scholar
Weidhaas, D. E.. (1974). Simplified models of population dynamics of mosquitoes related to control technology. — J. econ. Ent. 67, 620–624.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weidhaas, D. E.., Breeland, S. G.., Lofgren, C. S.., Dame, D. A.& Kaiser, R.. (1974). Release of chemosterilized males for the control of Anopheles albimanus in El Salvador. IV. Dynamics of the test population. — Am. J. trop. Med. Hyg. 23, 298–308.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weidhaas, D. E.., Patterson, R. S.., Lofgren, C. S.& Ford, H. R.. (1971). Bionomics of a population of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus Say. — Mosquito News. 31, 177–182.Google Scholar
Wellington, W. G.. (1974). Changes in mosquito flights associated with natural changes in polarized light. — Can. Ent. 106, 941–948.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whang, C. H.. (1961). Hibernation of mosquitoes in Korea. — Mosquito News. 21, 17–20.Google Scholar
Wharton, R. H.. (1951a.). The habits of adult mosquitoes in Malaya. I. Observations on anophelines in window-trap huts and at cattle-sheds. — Ann. trop. Med. Parasit. 45, 141–154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wharton, R. H.. (1951b). The habits of adult mosquitoes in Malaya. II. Observations on culicines in window-trap huts and at cattle-sheds. — Ann. trop. Med. Parasit. 45, 155–160.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wharton, R. H.., Eyles, D. E.& Warren, M. C. W.. (1963). The development of methods for trapping the vectors of monkey malaria. — Ann. trop. Med. Parasit. 57, 32–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilton, D. P.. (1975). Mosquito collections in El Salvador with ultraviolet and CDC miniature light traps with and without dry ice. — Mosquito News. 35, 522–525.Google Scholar
Wilton, D. P.& Fay, R. W.. (1972a). Air flow direction and velocity in light trap design. — Enlo– mologia exp. appl. 15, 377–386.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilton, D. P.. & FAY, R. W.. (1972A). Responses of adult Anopheles stephensi to light of various wavelengths. — J. med. Entomol. 9, 301–304.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Woke, P. A.. (1962). Observations on differential attraction among humans for Mansonia nigricans and Anopheles albimanus (Diptera: Culicidae). — Proc. New Jers. Mosq.Exterm. Ass. 49, 173–181.Google Scholar
Worth, C. B.. (1975). Sugaring for mosquitoes. — Mosquito News. 35, 83–84.Google Scholar
Worth, C. B.& Jonkers, A. H.. (1962). Two traps for mosquitoes attracted to small vertebrates. — Mosquito News. 22, 15–21.Google Scholar
Wright, A. H.& Kellogg, F. E.. (1964). Host size as a factor in the attraction of malaria mosquitoes. — Nature, Lond. 202, 321–322.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yamashita, Z.& Ishii, T.. (1976). Basic structure of the arboreal arthropod fauna in the forest of Japan. Ecological studies of the arboreal fauna. i. — Rept. Env. Sci. Mie Univ. 1, 81–111.Google Scholar
Yasuno, M.& Rajagopalan, P. K.. (1973). Po.pulation estimation of Culex fatigans in Delhi villages. — 18 pp. (mimeographed). Geneva, WHO. [WHO/VBC/73.431].Google Scholar
Yasuno, M.., Rajagopalan, P. K.& Labrecque, G. C.. (1975). Migration patterns of Culex fatigans around Delhi, India. — Trop. Med. 17, 91–96.Google Scholar
Yasuno, M.., Rajagopalan, P. K.., Russel, S.& Labrecque, G. C.. (1973b). Influence of seasonal changes in climate on dispersal of released Culex pipiens fatigans. A study in villages in Delhi Union Territory, India. — Bull. Wld Hlth Org. 48, 317–321.Google ScholarPubMed
Yasuno, M.., Russel, S.& Rajagopalan, P. K.. (1973a). An application of the removal method to the population estimation of Culex fatigans resting indoors. —9 pp. (mimeographed). Geneva, WHO. [WHO/VBC/73.458].Google Scholar
Zukel, J. W.. (1949). A winter study of Anopheles mosquitoes in southwestern Georgia, with notes on some culicine species. — 7. natn. Malar. Soc. 8, 224–233.Google Scholar