¹ See Outreach Programme on the 1994 Genocide Against the Tutsi in Rwanda and the United Nations, at https://www.un.org/en/preventgenocide/rwanda/historical-background.shtml (noting that “an estimated 800,000 to 1,000,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus were killed by extremist Hutus”).

² On transitional justice, see generally Ruti G. Teitel, Transitional Justice (2000) (positing transitional justice as the concept of justice associated with periods of political change, notably shifts to liberal democracy, in which responses are developed to confront the wrongdoings of predecessor regimes while also constructing a new political identity for the successor state).

³ Jens Meierhenrich, The Violence of Law: The Formation and Deformation of Gacaca Courts in Rwanda (2024). According to Meierhenrich, it “exacerbated fear and loathing in the countryside” (p. 9).

⁴ Id. “The gacaca project started out as such a dream—but it gradually turned into a nightmare for almost everyone who had to live it[.] The bloodless violence of transitional justice was a leading cause of social death” (p. 702).

⁵ Mark A. Drumbl & Barbora Holá, Informers Up Close: Stories from Communist Prague 23 (2024).

⁶ Jastine C. Barrett, Child Perpetrators on Trial: Insights from Post-genocide Rwanda 91–93 (2019)

⁷ Mark A. Drumbl, Rule of Law Amid Lawlessness: Counseling the Accused in Rwanda’s Domestic Genocide Trials, 29 Colum. Hum. Rts. L. Rev. 545, 572–73 (1998).

⁸ Phil Clark, The Gacaca Courts, Post-genocide Justice and Reconciliation in Rwanda (2010)

⁹ Philip Gourevitch, Remembering in Rwanda, New Yorker (Apr. 14, 2014).

¹⁰ Nicola Palmer, Courts in Conflict: Interpreting the Layers of Justice in Post-genocide Rwanda (2015).

¹¹ Mark A. Drumbl, Punishment, Postgenocide: From Guilt to Shame to Civis in Rwanda, 75 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 1221, 1263 (2000); Mark A. Drumbl, Atrocity, Punishment, and International Law 93–99 (2007).

¹² Human Rights Watch, Justice Compromised: The Legacy of Rwanda’s Community-Based Gacaca Courts (May 31, 2011), at https://www.hrw.org/report/2011/05/31/justice-compromised/legacy-rwandas-community-based-gacaca-courts; Max Rettig, Gacaca: Truth, Justice, and Reconciliation in Postconflict Rwanda?, 51 Afr. Stud. Rev. 25 (2008).

¹³ Allison Corey & Sandra F. Joireman, Retributive Justice: The Gacaca Courts in Rwanda, 103 Afr. Aff. 73 (2004).

¹⁴ Anuradha Chakravarty, Investing in Authoritarian Rule: Punishment and Patronage in Rwanda’s Gacaca Courts for Genocide Crimes (2015).

¹⁵ Drumbl, Punishment, Postgenocide, supra note 11.

¹⁶ Drumbl & Holá, supra note 5.

¹⁷ Marcos Zunino, Justice Framed: A Genealogy of Transitional Justice (2019).

¹⁸ Jasmin Haunschild et al., Towards a Digitally Mediated Transitional Justice Process? An Analysis of Colombian Transitional Justice Organisations’ Posting Behaviour on Facebook, 30 Peace & Conflict Stud., Art. 4, available at https://nsuworks.nova.edu/pcs/vol30/iss2/4/.

¹⁹ Christine Schwöbel-Patel, Marketing Global Justice: The Political Economy of International Criminal Law (2021).