In wireless communication systems, we come across different communication systems like GSM, CDMA standards for mobile communication, WLAN for data communication and satellite systems for relaying information on a global scale. There is one striking similarity in the working of all these systems – some form of sensing mechanism. For instance, consider the GSM system – it has BTS, which is responsible for sensing subscriber activity through various antenna systems or consider a WLAN system, where each Access Points has its coverage area and by a complex sensing mechanism, the data requests from prospective users is sensed and entertained. On the subscriber end, the sensing mechanism is implemented as well.

“A sensor can be simply understood as a device which detects or measures, records or processes, indicates or responds. A sensor network can simply be made by interconnecting such sensors in a way by which they can exchange data among themselves.”

In general, in legacy systems like standards of cellular telephone or WLAN, heavy electronic devices are used which consume immense amount of power. The data sharing control is centralized or aggregated at a place by virtue of which the speed of communication is contained. For overcoming the limitation of legacy systems, the concept of 5G system was developed. These system aims in using small low powered smart sensor networks (Fig. D.1), which will have adaptive clustering and a random way to choose their cluster head (aggregation point).