This chapter covers the response of tropical to subantarctic glaciers to variability in tropospheric and sea-surface temperature, lapse rates, and precipitation. Glacial behaviour is reflected in regional weather patterns: air mass transport, temperature, precipitation and humidity, insolation/cloud cover, wind speed, and large-scale circulation. Glacier types, climate zones, and physical processes are used to define the latitudinal continuum of climate–glacier coupling. The glacial archive is examined using indicators of glacial structure and geomorphology, their mapping, and geochronological methods. Glacier mass balance characteristics are defined by climate and glacier morphometrics, including equilibrium line altitude, vertical balance profiles, glacier tongue length, balance ratios, and accumulation–area, area–altitude, and geomorphic–altitude relationships. Glacier mass balance and reaction times are examined via energy balance, glacier dynamics, and flow-line modelling. Approaches to reconstructing glacial behaviour include numerical weather forecast modelling and synoptic typing based on ice core geochemistry and relationships to weather regimes and climate variability.