This chapter covers methods used to extract and interpret paleoclimate time series of climate modes, surface ocean, hydroclimate, and sea-level variability. The coral reef environment is explored as an archive of sea-surface temperature and salinity, hydroclimate, tradewinds, cloud cover and ocean circulation, storms, and regional and global sea-level variability, using stable isotopes, trace element analysis, radioisotopes, ultraviolet, and x-ray stratigraphic methods. The comparative tropical terrestrial hydroclimate record is investigated through the tree-ring and speleothem archive using traditional (dendrochronology and stable isotopes) and emerging methods such as biomarkers. Tropical hydroclimate reconstructions are presented, with the current understanding of decadal-scale variability due to the PDO/IPO. The coral and bivalve shell archive is presented as a record of boundary current, variability of continental shelf wind and current, and marine heat waves. Case studies reconstruct coastal jet modes and marine heat wave events for the Peruvian Current, Peru–Chile, and the Ningaloo Current, western Australia, in conjunction with ENSO variability during the Holocene.