Weather regime type and frequency are key diagnostics to interpret regional climate. The statistical methods used to downscale the centres of action in the mean atmospheric state to their family of weather regimes (WR) according to climate mode phases are presented in detail. The North Atlantic–European region is used as an example of WR decomposition of the mean climate. The chapter focuses on the identification of WR types for each region of the Southern Hemisphere and their spatio-temporal variability in relation to climate mode phase. These are the reference WRs for the interpretation of synoptic paleoclimate in each of the climate proxy chapters that follow. WRs are presented for the Maritime Continent, northern and central Australia, South Pacific Convergence Zone, Tasman Sea, New Zealand and southwest Pacific, eastern Pacific, Brazil to Uruguay, southwest Africa, southern Africa, eastern Africa, subtropical western Australia, southwestern Australia, southeastern Australia, the south Indian, south Pacific, and south Atlantic sectors of the Southern Ocean, and coastal Antarctica, including Patagonian South America, the Antarctic Peninsula, and the East Antarctic.