The peoples and cultures at Europe’s ‘unchristianised edge’ included the Sami, the Balts, the Estonians, and the Finno-Ugric peoples of the Volga-Ural region such as the Maris and Udmurts. This chapter situates those peoples in their geographical, cultural, and colonial contexts in the period leading up to the year 1387, when Lithuania formally converted to Christianity. The chapter introduces the characteristics of their diverse religious traditions and briefly traces the preceding history of the conversion of northern Europe by both violent and non-violent methods, including the Northern Crusades, paying particular attention to impasses in the Christianisation process when people rejected and resisted the imposition of the new faith. Drawing on the writings of Bartholomaeus Anglicus, the chapter portrays the state of Europe’s Christianisation on the eve of Lithuania’s formal conversion, drawing attention to the extent of pre-Christian Europe in this period and the challenge that Christianity still faced at the end of the fourteenth century.