Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-5447f9dfdb-lr6j9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-07-30T00:28:14.627Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 11 - Effective Communication during a Health Emergency

The Role of the Spokesperson and Working with the Media

from Part IV - Crisis Leadership

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 June 2025

Kathleen G. V. Melville
Affiliation:
Tulane University School of Medicine, Louisiana
Get access

Summary

Spokespeople play a critical role during health emergencies in communicating credible, accurate, and actionable messages to the public. Effective spokespeople not only gain the public’s support during health emergencies but also personalize the health agency. Through professionalism, trustworthiness, authenticity, reliability, and clear communication, spokespeople build trust with the public each time they address the media or deliver a speech. This chapter describes the role of a spokesperson and why this role is critical to emergency response operations. It outlines ideal characteristics of a spokesperson including professionalism, experience working with the media, involvement with decision-making, trustworthiness, charisma, clarity of speech, and relatability. This chapter explains common spokesperson pitfalls and practical tips on how to avoid them. Media briefing and interview techniques on how to communicate effectively with the media are included. Agenda setting theory is described. A student case study uses the Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication framework to analyze the communication of Dr. Nirav D. Shah, director of Maine’s Centers for Disease Control and Pevention, during the COVID-19 outbreak. End-of-chapter reflection questions are included.

Information

Type
Chapter
Information
Risk Communication in Public Health Emergencies
Practical Guidance Rooted in Theory
, pp. 281 - 304
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2025

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Olariu, I, Bogdan, N. A Conceptual Approach on Press Conference. Stud Sci Res Econ 2015;21:317.Google Scholar
Schuman, N. How to Conduct a Successful Virtual Press Conference. PR News. 2020. www.prnewsonline.com/virtual-press-conference (Accessed April 2, 2024).Google Scholar
CDC. Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication October 2018. Atlanta, GA, CDC, 2018.Google Scholar
Abu-Akel, A, Spitz, A, West, R. The Effect of Spokesperson Attribution on Public Health Message Sharing during the COVID-19 Pandemic. PLoS ONE 2021;16(2):e0245100.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Filby, M. Two years after COVID-19 pandemic began, Dr. Amy Acton reflects on her place in history. The Columbus Dispatch. 2022. www.dispatch.com/in-depth/opinion/2022/03/13/amy-acton-ohio-usa-today-women-of-the-year/6844804001/ (Accessed March 1, 2024).Google Scholar
The Columbus Dispatch. Governor DeWine, Dr Amy Acton news conference. 2020. www.youtube.com/watch?v=7v4WmwZl_8g (Accessed April 2, 2024).Google Scholar
CDC. Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication October 2002. Atlanta, GA, CDC, 2002.Google Scholar
Lyu, SY, Chen, RY, Wang, SF, Weng, YL, Peng, EY, Lee, MB. Perception of Spokespersons’ Performance and Characteristics in Crisis Communication: Experience of the 2003 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Outbreak in Taiwan. J Formos Med Assoc 2013;112(10):600607.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Demeshko, A, Buckley, L, Morphett, K, Adams, J, Meany, R, Cullerton, K. Characterising Trusted Spokespeople in Noncommunicable Disease Prevention: A Systematic Scoping Review. Prev Med Rep 2022;29:101934.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buckley, L, Morphett, K, Rychetnik, L, Land, M-A, Cullerton, K. Spokespeople in Public Health: Important Characteristics from the Perspective of Australian Public Health Professionals. Health Promot J Austr 2024;35(3):829–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
CNN. Hayward – Life Back. YouTube. 2010. www.youtube.com/watch?v=EZraCNZZ7U8 (Accessed April 2, 2024).Google Scholar
Fryar, B. Oil Spill – BP News Conference Orange Beach Alabama Pt1. YouTube. 2010. www.youtube.com/watch?v=RjJ7zId3bM8 (Accessed April 2, 2024).Google Scholar
Booker, B. Ex-Michigan Gov. Rick Snyder and 8 Others Criminally Charged in Flint Water Crisis. NPR. 2021. www.npr.org/2021/01/14/956924155/ex-michigan-gov-rick-snyder-and-8-others-criminally-charged-in-flint-water-crisis (Accessed April 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Noar, SM, Austin, L. (Mis)communicating about COVID-19: Insights from Health and Crisis Communication. Health Commun 2020;35(14):1735–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seeger, M. Best Practices in Crisis Communication: An Expert Panel Process. J Appl Commun Res 2006;34(3):232–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plain Language Materials and Resources. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2023. www.cdc.gov/healthliteracy/developmaterials/plainlanguage.html (Accessed April 2, 2024).Google Scholar
Strategies for controlling your anger: Keeping anger in check. American Psychological Association. 2011. www.apa.org/topics/anger/strategies-controlling. (Accessed April 2, 2024).Google Scholar
Elliott, P. In a Break with Washington’s Usual Posture, the CDC Director Makes an Emotional Plea. Time. 2021, March 30.Google Scholar
Quinn, M. CDC director Rochelle Walensky warns of “impending doom” amid COVID-19 spikes. CBS News. 2021, March 30.Google Scholar
Pettypiece, S. CDC director warns of “impending doom” as Covid cases rise. NBC News. 2021, March 29.Google Scholar
Press Briefing by White House COVID-19 Response Team and Public Health Officials. Washington, DC, The White House, 2021.Google Scholar
Yuldoshboev, S. CDC Director Who Weeped on TV about “Impending Doom” Says Data Suggests “Vaccinated People Do Not Carry the Virus, Don’t Get Sick”. Daily Caller. 2021, March 30.Google Scholar
Johnson, RRJ, Fraser, MR. A Communications Playbook for Public Officials. Arlington, VA, ASTHO, 2022.Google Scholar
Covello, VT. Risk Communication. In: Frumkin, H, editor. Environmental Health: From Local to Global. New York, Jossey Bass/John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2005; 9881009.Google Scholar
Gabaldon, D. Outlander. New York, Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, 1992.Google Scholar
Vleugels, C. Human Communication Coursebook for Speech Class. Stillwater, OK, Oklahoma State University, n.d.Google Scholar
Jerry Seinfeld. IMDb. n.d. www.imdb.com/title/tt0697754/characters/nm0000632 (Accessed April 2, 2024).Google Scholar
Curtin, M. Even Brené Brown Gets Nervous at Public Speaking Engagements. Here Are Her 3 Tricks for Calming Nerves. Inc. 2019. www.inc.com/melanie-curtin/even-brene-brown-gets-nervous-at-public-speaking-engagements-here-are-her-3-tricks-for-calming-nerves.html (Accessed April 2, 2024).Google Scholar
Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern’s Covid-19 news conference – 1 April 2020. YouTube. 2020. www.youtube.com/watch?v=E319CIMzI3k (Accessed April 2, 2024).Google Scholar
IEEE. Media Training 101: How to Interact with the Press. Piscataway, NJ, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, n.d.Google Scholar
CDC. Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication October 2014. Atlanta, GA, CDC, 2014.Google Scholar
White House COVID-19 Response Team. Media Briefing. YouTube. 2021. www.youtube.com/watch?v=LmCHGHrwSVQ (Accessed April 1, 2024).Google Scholar
Public Affairs and Agenda Setting: Passive On-Lookers or Active Participants? University of Oklahoma. n.d. www.ou.edu/deptcomm/dodjcc/groups/00C3/Literature%20review.html (Accessed April 2, 2024).Google Scholar
CDC Museum COVID-19 Timeline. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2023. www.cdc.gov/museum/timeline/covid19.html (Accessed April 2, 2024).Google Scholar
Response Timeline. State of Maine. 2023. www.maine.gov/covid19/timeline (Accessed March 1, 2023).Google Scholar
Census: Maine most rural state. MaineBiz. 2012. www.mainebiz.biz/article/census-maine-most-rural-state (Accessed March 1, 2023).Google Scholar
Maine: 2020 Census. United States Census Bureau. 2020. www.census.gov/library/stories/state-by-state/maine-population-change-between-census-decade.html (Accessed March 1, 2023).Google Scholar
Singh, N. What Are the Whitest States in the US? International Centre for Education and Training. 2022. https://icetonline.com/what-are-the-whitest-states-in-the-us/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=what-are-the-whitest-states-in-the-us (Accessed March 1, 2023).Google Scholar
Whitest States 2023. World Population Review. 2023. https://worldpopulationreview.com/state-rankings/whitest-states (Accessed March 1, 2023).Google Scholar
Makuch, B. Neo-Nazi “Building White Ethnostate Now Working with Local Extremist Group.” Vice News. 2022. www.vice.com/en/article/maine-neo-nazi-christopher-polhaus-white-ethnostate/ (Accessed March 1, 2023).Google Scholar
In 2021, 4 Hate Groups were Tracked in Maine. Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC). 2021. www.splcenter.org/states/maine (Accessed March 1, 2023).Google Scholar
Maine: Forestry in the Pine Tree State. Northeast–Midwest State Foresters Alliance. 2023. www.northeasternforests.org/content/maine (Accessed March 1, 2023).Google Scholar
Fans of Dr. Nirav Shah [Maine]. Facebook. 2023. www.facebook.com/groups/fansofdrshah (Accessed March 1, 2023).Google Scholar
Shah Bars. Wilbur’s of Maine Chocolate Confections. 2023. www.wilburs.com/product/shah-bars-2 (Accessed March 1, 2023).Google Scholar
News Center Maine. Maine Coronavirus COVID-19 Briefing. 2020. YouTube. www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uyj97QNvP60 (Accessed March 1, 2023).Google Scholar
Nirav Shah guided Maine through COVID’s Uncertainty. Bangor Daily News. 2023. www.bangordailynews.com/2023/01/18/opinion/editorials/shah-covid-uncertainty (Accessed March 1, 2023).Google Scholar
Maine Public Radio. CDC Briefing December 15. 2021. YouTube. www.youtube.com/watch?v=AMtWWVwAbz4 (Accessed March 1, 2023).Google Scholar
Shah, N. Twitter. Twitter/X. 2023. https://twitter.com/nirav_uscdc (Accessed March 1, 2023).Google Scholar
Maine Public. Maine CDC Briefing June 30. 2021. YouTube. www.youtube.com/watch?v=EC8DYYOZyiM (Accessed March 1, 2023).Google Scholar
Shah, N. Maine CDC Leadership Announcement. YouTube. www.youtube.com/watch?v=PzhMD2c7G8Y2023 (Accessed March 1, 2023).Google Scholar
Shell, E. How Straight Talk Helped One State Control COVID. Scientific American. 2020. www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-straight-talk-helped-one-state-control-covid/ (Accessed March 1, 2023).Google Scholar

Accessibility standard: Unknown

Accessibility compliance for the PDF of this book is currently unknown and may be updated in the future.

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge-org.demo.remotlog.com is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×