Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-cb9f654ff-mwwwr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-09-01T23:05:17.172Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 8 - Communicating during Long Public Health Emergencies

Creating Health Communication Campaigns

from Part II - Communicating during a Health Emergency

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 June 2025

Kathleen G. V. Melville
Affiliation:
Tulane University School of Medicine, Louisiana
Get access

Summary

COVID-19 revealed that sometimes health emergencies do not end in a few days, weeks, or months. Health agencies do not often respond to multiyear health emergencies, but when they do they need to be able to incorporate health communication campaigns within the maintenance phase of the health emergency. This inclusion of a health communication campaign within emergency risk communication and the maintenance phase of the Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication framework has not been explicitly addressed in the emergency risk communication literature. This chapter adds knowledge to the field of emergency risk communication by outlining the importance of integrating health communication campaigns into multiyear emergency responses. This chapter looks at health communication campaign principles and how to use them when health emergencies linger in the maintenance phase for years. It also takes a deeper dive into theories that can support the development of emergency health communication campaigns. The case study looks at vaccine uptake based on the effectiveness of the of US COVID-19 "We Can Do This" health communication campaign. End-of-chapter reflection questions are included.

Information

Type
Chapter
Information
Risk Communication in Public Health Emergencies
Practical Guidance Rooted in Theory
, pp. 201 - 224
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2025

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Rice, R, Atkins, C. Public Communication Campaigns, 4th edition. Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage Publications, Inc., 2012.Google Scholar
The History of Our COVID-19 Vaccine Education Initiative. Ad Council. 2024. www.adcouncil.org/our-impact/covid-vaccine/our-covid-19-vaccine-retrospective (Accessed March 7, 2024).Google Scholar
Zhao, X. Health Communication Campaigns: A Brief Introduction and Call for Dialogue. Int J Nurs Sci 2020;7:S1115.Google ScholarPubMed
Making Health Communication Programs Work. Washinton, DC, Health and Human Services, n.d.Google Scholar
CDC. Types of Evaluation. National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, editor. Atlanta, GA, CDC, n.d.Google Scholar
White House. Let’s Move South Lawn Series Kickoff. YouTube. 2010. www.youtube.com/watch?v=8MDfrB0i0Zk (Accessed March 23, 2024).Google Scholar
Let’s Move! Partnership for a Healthier America. www.ahealthieramerica.org/articles/let-s-move-84 (Accessed March 23, 2024).Google Scholar
Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication Manual. Atlanta, GA, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014.Google Scholar
CDC. Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication October 2018. Atlanta, GA, CDC, 2018.Google Scholar
Seeger, M, Sellnow, T, Ulmer, R. Communication and Organizational Crisis. London, Bloomsbury Academic, 2003.Google Scholar
Vidoloff, K, Petrun, E. Communication Successes and Constraints: Analysis of the 2008 Salmonella Saintpaul Foodborne Illness Outbreak. Journal of the Northwest Communication Association 2010;39(1):6590.Google Scholar
Marcus, BH, Forsyth, LH. The Challenge of Behavior Change. Med Health R I 1997;80(9):300302.Google ScholarPubMed
Rogers, E. Diffusion of Innovations. New York, London, Free Press, 1983.Google Scholar
Bandura, A. Self-Efficacy: Toward a Unifying Theory of Behavioral Change. Psychol Rev 1977;84:191215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stephenson, MT, Witte, KD. Creating Fear in a Risky World: Generating Effective Health Risk Messages. In: Rice, R, Atkins, C, editors. Public Communication Campaigns, 3rd edition. Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage Publications, 2001; 88102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orozco-Olvera, V, Shen, F, Cluver, L. The Effectiveness of Using Entertainment Education Narratives to Promote Safer Sexual Behaviors of Youth: A Meta-Analysis, 1985–2017. PLoS ONE 2019;14(2):e0209969.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bandura, A. Social Cognitive Theory of Mass Communication. In: Bryant, J, Zillmann, D, editors. Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research, 2nd edition. Mahwah, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2002; 121–53.Google Scholar
Horton, D, Wohl, R. Mass Communication and Para-Social Interaction: Observations on Intimacy at a Distance. Psychiatry 1956;19(3):215–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eccles, JS, Wigfield, A. Motivational Beliefs, Values, and Goals. Ann Rev Psychol 2002;53(1):109–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eccles, JS, Adler, TF, Futterman, R, Goff, SB, Kaczala, CM, Meece, JL, Midgley, C. Expectancies, Values, and Academic Behaviors. In: Spence, J, editor. Achievement and Achievement Motivation. San Francisco, CA, W. H. Freeman, 1983; 75146.Google Scholar
Wigfield, A, Tonks, S, Lutz, KS. Expectancy-Value Theory. In: Wentzel, K, Wigfield, A, editors. Handbook of Motivation at School. New York, Routledge, 2009; 5575.Google Scholar
Leaper, C. More Similarities than Differences in Contemporary Theories of Social Development? A Plea for Theory Bridging. Adv Child Dev Behav 2011;40:337–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Piester, L. Why I Probably Won’t Ever Rewatch Grey’s Anatomy’s Pandemic-Filled Season 17. E-News. 2021. www.eonline.com/news/1276345/why-i-probably-wont-ever-rewatch-greys-anatomys-pandemic-filled-season-17 (Accessed March 7, 2024).Google Scholar
Power, E. Grey’s Anatomy catches Covid-19 – but it’s nothing serious. The Irish Times. 2021, March 31.Google Scholar
Shukla, S. “Grey’s Anatomy” Season 17 review: It displays courage and goodwill of the medical community during the COVID pandemic. WION. 2021. www.wionews.com/entertainment/hollywood/news-greys-anatomy-season-17-review-it-displays-courage-and-goodwill-of-the-medical-community-during-the-covid-pandemic-343146 (Accessed March 7, 2024).Google Scholar
St. James, E. 17 seasons in, Grey’s Anatomy reimagined itself for the pandemic. But only a little bit. Vox. 2021, www.vox.com/culture/22465064/greys-anatomy-finale-season-17-recap-review-covid-19-beach (Accessed March 7, 2024).Google Scholar
Cho, H, Salmon, CT. Unintended Effects of Health Communication Campaigns. J Communication 2007;57(2):293317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
COVID Data Tracker. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2022. https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker (Accessed March 7, 2024).Google Scholar
COVID-19 Vaccination. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2021. www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/effectiveness/work.html (Accessed April 4, 2024).Google Scholar
Schneider, EC, Shah, A, Sah, P, Vilches, T, Pandey, A, Moghadas, S, Galvani, AP. Impact of U.S COVID-19 vaccination efforts: an update on averted deaths, hospitalizations, and health care costs through March 2022. The Commonwealth Fund. 2022. www.commonwealthfund.org/blog/2022/impact-us-covid-19-vaccination-efforts-march-update (Accessed March 23, 2024).Google Scholar
MacDonald, NE, SAGE Working Group on Vaccine Hesitancy. Vaccine Hesitancy: Definition, Scope and Determinants. Vaccine 2015;33(34):4161–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aw, J, Seng, JJB, Seah, SSY, Low, LL. COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy – A Scoping Review of Literature in High-Income Countries. Vaccines (Basel) 2021;9(8):900.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wagner, AL, Porth, JM, Wu, Z, Boulton, ML, Finlay, JM, Kobayashi, LC. Vaccine Hesitancy during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Latent Class Analysis of Middle-Aged and Older US Adults. J Community Health 2022;47(3):408–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jarrett, C, Wilson, R, O’Leary, M, Eckersberger, E, Larson, HJ, SAGE Working Group on Vaccine Hesitancy. Strategies for Addressing Vaccine Hesitancy – A Systematic Review. Vaccine 2015;33(34):4180–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Finney Rutten, LJ, Zhu, X, Leppin, AL, Ridgeway, JL, Swift, MD, Griffin, JM, et al. Evidence-Based Strategies for Clinical Organizations to Address COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy. Mayo Clin Proc 2021;96(3):699707.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wakefield, MA, Loken, B, Hornik, RC. Use of Mass Media Campaigns to Change Health Behaviour. Lancet 2010;376(9748):1261–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anker, AE, Feeley, TH, McCracken, B, Lagoe, CA. Measuring the Effectiveness of Mass-Mediated Health Campaigns through Meta-Analysis. J Health Commun 2016;21(4):439–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weber, MA, Backer, TE, Brubach, A. Creating the HHS COVID-19 Public Education Media Campaign: Applying Systems Change Learnings. J Health Commun 2022;27(3):20107.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Technical overview of the AmeriSpeak® panel NORC’s probability-based household panel. NORC. 2022. https://tinyurl.com/2p97y2v6 (Accessed May 10, 2024).Google Scholar
Vu, HT, Guo, L, McCombs, ME. Exploring “the World Outside and the Pictures in Our Heads”. Journal Mass Commun Q 2014;91(4):669–86.Google Scholar
StataCorp. Stata Statistical Software: Release 17. www.stata.com (Accessed March 23, 2024).Google Scholar
Kelly, BJ, Southwell, BG, McCormack, LA, Bann, CM, MacDonald, PDM, Frasier, AM, et al. Predictors of Willingness to Get a COVID-19 Vaccine in the U.S. BMC Infect Dis 2021;21(1):338.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
El-Mohandes, A, White, TM, Wyka, K, Rauh, L, Rabin, K, Kimball, SH, et al. COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance among Adults in Four Major US Metropolitan Areas and Nationwide. Sci Rep 2021;11(1):21844.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yasmin, F, Najeeb, H, Moeed, A, Naeem, U, Asghar, M, Chughtai, N, et al. COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in the United States: A Systematic Review. Front Public Health 2021;23(9):770985.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Latkin, C, Dayton, L, Miller, J, Yi, G, Balaban, A, Boodram, B, et al. A Longitudinal Study of Vaccine Hesitancy Attitudes and Social Influence as Predictors of COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake in the US. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2022;18(5):2043102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berg, MB, Lin, L. Predictors of COVID-19 Vaccine Intentions in the United States: The Role of Psychosocial Health Constructs and Demographic Factors. Transl Behav Med 2021;11(9):1782–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McAfee, T, Davis, KC, Alexander, RL, Pechacek, TF, Bunnell, R. Effect of the First Federally Funded US Antismoking National Media Campaign. Lancet 2013;382(9909):2003–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Farrelly, MC, Duke, JC, Nonnemaker, J, MacMonegle, AJ, Alexander, TN, Zhao, X, et al. Association between the Real Cost Media Campaign and Smoking Initiation among Youths – United States, 2014–2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2017;66(2):4750.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Farrelly, MC, Nonnemaker, J, Davis, KC, Hussin, A. The Influence of the National Truth Campaign on Smoking Initiation. Am J Prev Med 2009;36(5):379–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
WHO coronavirus (COVID-19) dashboard. World Health Organization. 2022. https://covid19.who.int (Accessed May 10, 2024).Google Scholar
COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness research. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2022. www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/effectiveness-research/protocols.html (Accessed April 7, 2024).Google Scholar
Study Guide for the Examination for Accreditation in Public Relations. New York, Universal Accreditation Board/Public Relations Society of America, 2021.Google Scholar
Jones, CL, Jensen, JD, Scherr, CL, Brown, NR, Christy, K, Weaver, J. The Health Belief Model as an Explanatory Framework in Communication Research: Exploring Parallel, Serial, and Moderated Mediation. Health Communication 2015;30(6):566–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenstock, I. Historical Origins of the Health Belief Model. Health Education & Behavior. 1974;2(4):328–35.Google Scholar
Zewdie, A, Mose, A, Sahle, T, Bedewi, J, Gashu, M, Kebede, N, Yimer, A. The Health Belief Model’s Ability to Predict COVID-19 Preventive Behavior: A Systematic Review. SAGE Open Med 2022;10:20503121221113668.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Accessibility standard: Unknown

Accessibility compliance for the PDF of this book is currently unknown and may be updated in the future.

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge-org.demo.remotlog.com is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×