Introduction

For a traditional building or bridge structure, the vertical forces in the walls, columns and piers are carried to the subsoil through a foundation system. The most common system consists of footings. In soft soil, because the bearing capacity is low, piles are needed to transfer the forces from the superstructure to deeper grounds where stiffer clay, sand layers or bed rock exist. The wall or column forces are each distributed to the piles or group of piles through a footing-like cap – a pile cap.

In civil and structural engineering, slopes often need be to cut to provide level grounds for construction. To ensure stability at and around the cuts or to meet similar requirements, the use of retaining walls for the disturbed soil and backfill is sometimes necessary.

The design of reinforced concrete footings and pile caps is generally governed by shear or transverse shear for wall footings, and transverse or punching shear for column footings and pile caps. Retaining walls behave like a cantilever system, resisting the horizontal pressures exerted by the disturbed soil or backfill (or both) by bending action.

The analysis of the forces acting above and below typical wall footings and their design are presented in Section 11.2. The treatments for footings supporting single and multiple columns are given in Section 11.3 whereas Section 11.4 deals with pile caps. Illustrative and design examples are given to highlight the application of the analysis and design procedures.