This chapter surveys economic perspectives of supply chain management and discusses their practical implications. It compares Adam Smith’s view of self-functioning supply chains with Ronald Coase’s theory of the firm that leads to supply chain management being perceived as a factor of production. Supply chain management dominated by Coase’s perspectives suffers from misguided investments, network externalities, myopic monetary policies, and incomplete market analysis. This chapter argues that supply chain management must be at the center of economic policies to create wealth for nations. It shows how Switzerland prioritized supply chain management and became one of the wealthiest and most innovative countries in the world.