Chapter 2 situates the Buchanan v. Warley case and the conflict over Louisville’s racial zoning ordinance in the historical context of African American movements for civil rights and racial justice, often collectively called the Long Black Freedom Movement. It describes the drive to create residential segregation in Louisville as part of white supremacists’ efforts to establish a residential apartheid in the awful depths of post-Emancipation oppression of Blacks. It weaves human stories of racial justice activism into a social and legal history of the Buchanan case and its aftermath. This history gives insight into how racial justice movements emerge and grow despite the persistence of white supremacy, insight that is particularly relevant to a much-needed racial reckoning in the American land-use system.