Abeijon, C, Alves, F, Monnerat, S et al. (2020). Urine-based antigen detection assay for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis using monoclonal antibodies specific for six protein biomarkers of Leishmania infantum/Leishmania donovani. PLoS Neglect Trop Dis 14(4):e0008246.10.1371/journal.pntd.0008246CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Alvar, J, Aparicio, P, Aseffa, A et al. (2008). The relationship between Leishmaniasis and AIDS: the second ten years. Clin Microbiol Rev 21:334–359.10.1128/CMR.00061-07CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alves, F, Bilbe, G, Blessoin, S et al. (2018). Recent development of visceral leishmaniasis treatments: successes, pitfalls and perspectives. Clin Microbiol Rev 31:e00048-18. doi.org/10.1128/CMR00048–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bahrami, F, Harandi, AM, Rafati, S. (2018). Biomarkers of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2018.00222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Berman, JD (1997). Human leishmaniasis: clinical, diagnostic, and chemotherapeutic developments in the last 10 years. Clin Infect Dis 24:684–703.10.1093/clind/24.4.684CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Boelaert, M, Verdonck, K, Menten, J et al. (2014). Rapid tests for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in patients with suspected disease. Cochrane Database System Rev 6:CD009135.Google Scholar

Chappuis, F, Rijal, S, Soto, A et al. (2006). A meta-analysis of the diagnostic performance of the direct agglutination test and rK39 dipstick for visceral leishmaniasis. BMJ. doi: 10.1136/bmj.38917.503056.7C.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Elamin, EM, Guizani, I, Guerbouj, S et al. (2008). Identification of Leishmania donovani as a cause of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Sudan. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 102:54–57.10.1016/j.trstmh.2007.10.005CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

El-Hassan, AM, Meredith, SEO et al. (1995). Sudanese mucosal leishmaniasis: epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, immune responses and treatment. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 89:647–652.10.1016/0035-9203(95)90428-XCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

El-Hassan, AM, Zijlstra, EE (2001). Leishmaniasis in Sudan. 1. Cutaneous leishmaniasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95, suppl. 1:S1–S18.Google ScholarPubMed

González, U, Pinart, M, Reveiz, L, Alvar, J. (2008). Interventions for Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis. Cochrane Database System Rev Issue 4. Art. No. CD005067. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD005067.pub3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Guiguemdé, R, Sawadogo, O, Bories, C et al. (2003). Leishmania major HIV co-infection in Burkina Faso. Trans R Soc Hyg Trop Med 97:168–169.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hong, A, Andrade Zampieri, R, Shaw, JJ et al. (2020). One Health approach to leishmaniasis: understanding the disease dynamics through diagnostic tools. Pathogens 9:809. doi: 10:103390/pathogens9100809.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kolczinski, et al. (2008). Risk factors of visceral leishmaniasis in East Africa: a case-control study in Pokot territory of Kenya and Uganda. Int J Epidemiol 37, 344–352.10.1093/ije/dym275CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kubba, R, Al Gindan, Y, El Hassan, AM, Omer, AHS (1987). Clinical diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis (oriental sore). J Am Acad Dermatol 16:1183–1189.10.1016/S0190-9622(87)70155-8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Musa, AM, Khalil, EA, Mahgoub, FA et al. (2008). Immunochemotherapy of persistent post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis: a novel approach to treatment. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 102:58–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Musa AM, Mbui J, Mohammed R et al. (2023). Paromomycin and miltefosine combination as an alternative to treat patients with visceral Leishmaniasis in Eastern Africa: A randomized, controlled, multicountry trial. Clin Infect Dis 8, 76(3):e1177–e1185. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciac643. PMID: 36164254; PMCID: PMC9907539.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Musa, A, Khalil, E, Hailu, A et al. (2012). Sodium stibogluconate (SSG) & paromomycin combination compared to SSG for visceral leishmaniasis in East Africa: a randomised controlled trial. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6(6):e1674. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.000167.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Olliaro, P, Grogl, M, Boni et al. (2018). Harmonized clinical trial methodologies for localized cutaneous leishmaniasis and potential for extensive network with capacities for clinical evaluation. PLoS Neglect Trop Dis 12:e0006141.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Osman, M, Mistry, A, Keding, A et al. (2017). A third generation vaccine for human visceral leishmaniasis and post kala azar dermal leishmaniasis: First-in-human trial of ChAd63-KH. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 11(5):e0005527.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ritmeijer, K, Dejenie, A, Assefa, Y et al. (2006). A comparison of miltefosine and sodium stibogluconate in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in an Ethiopian population with high prevalence of HIV infection. Clin Infect Dis 43:357–364.10.1086/505217CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Seaman, J, Mercer, AJ, Sondorp, E. (1996). The epidemic of visceral leishmaniasis in Western Upper Nile, southern Sudan: course and impact from 1984 to 1994. Int J Epidem 25:862–871.10.1093/ije/25.4.862CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

van Henten, Tesfaye AB, Abdela, SG et al. (2021). Miltefosene for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis – a pilot study from Ethiopia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 15(5):e0009460CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Verrest, L, Kip, AE, Musa, A, Schoone, GJ et al. (2021). Blood parasite load as an early marker to predict treatment response in visceral leishmaniasis in Eastern Africa. Clin Infect Dis 73:775–782. doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciab124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Expert Committee, WHO (2010). Control of leishmaniasis. WHO Technical report Series No. 949. Geneva: WHO.Google Scholar

WHO/HTM/NTD/IDM (2012). The Post Kala-azar Dermal Leishmaniasis (PKDL) Atlas. A manual for health workers. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/101164/978924.Google Scholar

WHO/HTM/NTD/IDM (2013). Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis: a manual for case management and control: report of a WHO consultative meeting, Kolkata, India, 2–3 July 2012. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/78608/9789241.Google Scholar

Younis, BM, Mohammed, HAA, Dafalla, MMM et al. (2016). Cure of post Kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis with paromomycin/sodium stibogluconate combination: a proof of concept. Int J Res Med Sci 3(1):16–21.Google Scholar

Younis, BM, Osman, M, Khalil, EAG et al (2021). Safety and immunogenicity of ChAd63-KH vaccine in post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis patients in Sudan. Mol Ther 29(7):2366–2377. doi: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.03.020.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Younis BM, Mudawi Musa A, Monnerat S et al. (2023). Safety and efficacy of paromomycin/miltefosine/liposomal amphotericin B combinations for the treatment of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis in Sudan: A phase II, open label, randomized, parallel arm study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 21, 17(11):e0011780. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011780. PMID: 37988402; PMCID: PMC10721181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Zackay, A, Cotton, JA, Sanders, M et al. (2018). Genome wide comparison of Ethiopian Leishmania donovani strains reveals differences potentially related to parasite survival. PLoS Genet 14(1):e1007133.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Zijlstra, EE (2016). The immunology of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL). Parasites Vectors 9:464.10.1186/s13071-016-1721-0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Zijlstra, EE (2019). Biomarkers in post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 9:228.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Zijlstra, EE, El-Hassan, AM (2001). Leishmaniasis in Sudan. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95:27–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Zijlstra, EE, Musa, AM, Khalil, EA et al. (2003). Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis. Lancet Infect Dis (2):87–98. doi: 10.1016/s1473-3099(03)00517-6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Brun, R, Blum, J, Chappuis, F, Burri, C. Human African trypanosomiasis. Lancet 2010;375(9709):148-59.10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60829-1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Büscher, P, Mertens, P, Leclipteux, T et al. Sensitivity and specificity of HAT Sero-K-SeT, a rapid diagnostic test for serodiagnosis of sleeping sickness caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense: a case-control study. Lancet Glob Health 2014;2(6):e359–63. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70203-7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kennedy, PG. Clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness). Lancet Neurol. 2013;12(2):186–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kuepfer, I, Hhary, EP, Allan, M, Edielu, A, Burri, C, Blum, JA. Clinical presentation of T.b. rhodesiense sleeping sickness in second stage patients from Tanzania and Uganda. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011;5(3):e968. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000968.PMID: 21407802.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Mesu, VKBK, Kalonji, WM, Bardonneau, C et al. Oral fexinidazole for late-stage African Trypanosoma brucei gambiense trypanosomiasis: a pivotal multicentre, randomised, non-inferiority trial. Lancet 2018;391:144–54. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32758-7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Pepin, J, Milord, F, Guern, C et al. Trial of prednisolone for prevention of melarsoprol-induced encephalopathy in gambiense sleeping sickness. Lancet 1989;1(8649):1246–50. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(89)92340-4.Google ScholarPubMed

WHO (2022). Trypanosomiasis, human African (sleeping sickness). www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/trypanosomiasis-human-african-(sleeping-sickness).Google Scholar

Marie, C, Petri, WA. (2013). Amoebic dysentery. BMJ Clin Evid;2013:0918.Google ScholarPubMed

Pritt, BS, Clark, CG (2008). Amebiasis. Mayo Clin Proc;83:1154–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Shirley, DT, Farr, L, Watanabe, K et al. (2018). A review of the global burden, new diagnostics and current therapeutics for amebiasis. Open Forum Infect Dis;5:ofy161.10.1093/ofid/ofy161CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Visvesvara, GS (2010). Free-living amebae as opportunistic agents of human disease. J Neuroparasitol;1:1–13.10.4303/jnp/N100802CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Amadi, B, Mwiya, M, Musuku, J et al. Effect of nitazoxanide on morbidity and mortality in Zambian children with cryptosporidiosis: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2002; 360(9343): 1375–1380. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11401-2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ashigbie, PG, Shepherd, S, Steiner, KL et al. Use-case scenarios for an anti-Cryptosporidium therapeutic. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15: e0009057.10.1371/journal.pntd.0009057CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Dubey, JP, Almeria, S. Cystoisospora belli infections in humans: the past 100 years. Parasitology 2019; 146: 1490–1527. doi: 10.1017/S0031182019000957.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Han, B, Pan, G, Weiss, LM. Microsporidiosis in humans. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2021: e0001020. doi: 10.1128/CMR.00010-20. PMID: 34190570.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Heyworth, MF. Giardia duodenalis genetic assemblages and hosts. Parasite 2016; 23: 13. doi: 10.1051/parasite/2016013.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kotloff, KL, Platts-Mills, JA, Nasrin, D, Roose, A, Blackwelder, WC, Levine, MM. Global burden of diarrheal diseases among children in developing countries: incidence, etiology, and insights from new molecular diagnostic techniques. Vaccine 2017; 35 (49 Pt A): 6783–6789. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.07.036.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Leung, AKC, Leung, AAM, Wong, AHC, Sergi, CM, Kam, JKM. Giardiasis: an overview. Recent Pat Inflamm Allergy Drug Discov 2019; 13: 134–143. doi: 10.2174/1872213X13666190618124901.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Molbak, K, Andersen, M, Aaby, P et al. Cryptosporidium infection in infancy as a cause of malnutrition: a community study from Guinea-Bissau, West Africa. Am J Clin Nutr 1997; 65: 149–152.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Nchito, M, Kelly, P, Sianongo, S et al. Cryptosporidiosis in urban Zambian children: an analysis of risk factors. Am J Trop Hyg 1998; 59: 435–437.10.4269/ajtmh.1998.59.435CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Robertson, LJ, Johansen, ØH, Kifleyohannes, T, Efunshile, AM, Terefe, G. Cryptosporidium infections in Africa – how important is zoonotic transmission? A review of the evidence. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7: 575881. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.575881.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Rogawski, ET, Liu, J, Platts-Mills, JA et al. Use of quantitative molecular diagnostic methods to investigate the effect of enteropathogen infections on linear growth in children in low-resource settings: longitudinal analysis of results from the MAL-ED cohort study. Lancet Glob Health 2018; 6: e1319–e1328. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30351-6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Yang, X, Guo, Y, Xiao, L, Feng, Y. Molecular epidemiology of human cryptosporidiosis in low- and middle-income countries. Clin Microbiol Rev 2021; 34: e00087–19. doi: 10.1128/CMR.00087-19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed