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Fatti, G, Ngorima-Mabhena, N, Mothibi, E, Muzenda, T et al. (2020). Outcomes of three- versus six-monthly dispensing of antiretroviral treatment (ART) for stable HIV patients in Community ART Refill Groups: a cluster-randomized trial in Zimbabwe. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr; 84: 162–72.10.1097/QAI.0000000000002333CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Frigati, L, Ameyan, W, Cotton, MF et al. (2020). Chronic comorbidities in children and adolescents with perinatally acquired HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa in the era of antiretroviral therapy. Lancet Child Adolesc Health; 4(9): 688–98.10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30037-7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gordon, MA, Graham, SM (2008). Invasive salmonellosis in Malawi. J Infect Dev Ctries; 2: 438–42.10.3855/jidc.158CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hakim, J, Musiime, V, Szubert AJ et al. (2017). Enhanced prophylaxis plus antiretroviral therapy for advanced HIV infection in Africa. N Engl J Med; 17 (377): 233–45.Google Scholar

Hayes, RJ, Schulz, KF, Plummer, FA (1995). The cofactor effect of genital ulcers on the per-exposure risk of HIV transmission in sub-Saharan Africa. J Trop Med Hyg; 98: 1–8.Google ScholarPubMed

Hollingsworth, TD, Laeyendecker, O, Shirreff, G et al. (2010). HIV-1 transmitting couples have similar viral load set-points in Rakai, Uganda. PLoS Pathog; 6: p e1000876.10.1371/journal.ppat.1000876CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Katwere, M, Kambugu, A, Piloya, T et al. (2009). Clinical presentation and aetiologies of acute or complicated headache among HIV-seropositive patients in a Ugandan clinic. J Int AIDS Soc; 12: 21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kiwanuka, N, Laeyendecker, O, Robb, M et al. (2008). Effect of human immunodeficiency virus Type 1 (HIV-1) subtype on disease progression in persons from Rakai, Uganda, with incident HIV-1 infection. J Infect Dis; 197: 707–13.10.1086/527416CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Lucas, SB, Hounnou, A, Peacock, C et al. (1993). The mortality and pathology of HIV infection in a West African city. AIDS; 7: 1569–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lundgren JD, Babiker AG et al.; INSIGHT START Study Group, (2015). Initiation of antiretroviral therapy in early asymptomatic HIV infection. N Engl J Med; 373(9): 795–807.10.1056/NEJMoa1506816CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lynen, L, Zolfo, M, Huyst, V et al. (2005). Management of Kaposi’s sarcoma in resource-limited settings in the era of HAART. AIDS Rev; 7: 13–21.Google ScholarPubMed

Marlink, R, Kanki, P, Thior, I et al. (1994). Reduced rate of disease development after HIV-2 infection as compared to HIV-1. Science; 265: 1587–90.10.1126/science.7915856CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Martinez-Steele, E, Awasana, AA, Corrah, T et al. (2007). Is HIV-2-induced AIDS different from HIV-1-associated AIDS? Data from a West African clinic. AIDS; 21: 317–24.10.1097/QAD.0b013e328011d7abCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Meintjes, G, Wilkinson, RJ, Morroni, C et al. (2010). Randomized placebo-controlled trial of prednisone for paradoxical tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. AIDS; 24: 2381–90.10.1097/QAD.0b013e32833dfc68CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Morgan, D, Ross, A, Mayanja, B et al. (1998). Early manifestations (pre-AIDS) of HIV-1 infection in Uganda. AIDS; 12: 591–6.10.1097/00002030-199806000-00007CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Muller, M, Wandel, S, Colebunders, R et al. (2010). Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in patients starting antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis; 10: 251–61.10.1016/S1473-3099(10)70026-8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Payne, C, Kohler, H-P (2017). The population-level impact of public-sector antiretroviral therapy rollout on adult mortality in rural Malawi. Demogr Res; 36: 1081–108.10.4054/DemRes.2017.36.37CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Phipps, W, Ssewankambo, F, Nguyen, H et al. (2010). Gender differences in clinical presentation and outcomes of epidemic Kaposi sarcoma in Uganda. PLoS ONE; 5: e13936.Google Scholar

Reddy, EA, Shaw, AV, Crump, JA (2010). Community-acquired bloodstream infections in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis; 10: 417–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Robbins, R. N., Gouse, H., Brown, H. G. et al. (2018). A mobile app to screen for neurocognitive impairment: preliminary validation of NeuroScreen among HIV-infected South African adults. JMIR mHealth and uHealth; 6(1): e5.10.2196/mhealth.9148CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Sacktor, NC, Wong, M, Makasujja, N et al. (2005). The International HIV Dementia Scale: a new rapid screening test for HIV dementia. AIDS; 19: 1367–74.Google Scholar

Sharp, PM, Hahn, BH (2010). The evolution of HIV-1 and the origin of AIDS. Phil Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci; 365: 2487–94.10.1098/rstb.2010.0031CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Slogrove, AL, Schomaker, M, Davies, MA et al.; Collaborative Initiative for Paediatric HIV Education and Research (CIPHER) Global Cohort Collaboration (2018). The epidemiology of adolescents living with perinatally acquired HIV: a cross-region global cohort analysis. PLoS Med; 15(3): e1002514.Google Scholar

Taegtmeyer, M, Suckling, RM, Nguku, PM et al. (2008). Working with risk: occupational safety issues among healthcare workers in Kenya. AIDS Care; 20: 304–10.10.1080/09540120701583787CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Templeton, DJ (2010). Male circumcision to reduce sexual transmission of HIV. Curr Opin HIV AIDS; 5: 344–9.10.1097/COH.0b013e32833a46d3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Todd, J, Glynn, JR, Marston, M et al. (2007) Time from HIV seroconversion to death: a collaborative analysis of eight studies in six low and middle- income countries before highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS; 21 Suppl. 6: S55–63.10.1097/01.aids.0000299411.75269.e8CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Turkova, A et al. (2021). Dolutegravir-based ART is superior to NNRTI-PI-based ART in children and adolescents. Abstract 174. 29^th Conference of Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, USA.Google Scholar

Vallari, A, Holzmayer, V, Harris, B et al. (2011). Confirmation of putative HIV-1 group P in Cameroon. J Virology; 85(3): 1403–7.10.1128/JVI.02005-10CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Violari, A, Cotton, MF, Gibb, DM et al. (2008). Early antiretroviral therapy and mortality among HIV-infected infants. N Engl J Med; 359: 2233–44.10.1056/NEJMoa0800971CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

WHO (2007). WHO case definitions of HIV for surveillance and revised clinical staging and immunological classification of HIV-related disease in adults and children. Geneva: WHO. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/43699/9789241595629_eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.Google Scholar

WHO (2009). Guidelines for using HIV testing technologies in surveillance: selection, evaluation and implementation. 2009 update. Geneva: WHO. www.who.int/hiv/pub/surveillance/hiv_testing_technologies_surveillance.pdf.Google Scholar

WHO (2010). Priority interventions: HIV/AIDS prevention, treatment and care in the health sector 2010. Geneva: WHO. https://www.who.int/hiv/pub/priority_interventions_web.pdf.Google Scholar

WHO (2011). Guidelines for intensified tuberculosis case-finding and isoniazid preventive therapy for people living with HIV in resource-constrained settings. Geneva: WHO. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241500708_eng.pdf.Google Scholar

WHO (2014). Guidelines on post-exposure prophylaxis for HIV and the use of co-trimoxazole prophylaxis for HIV-related infections among adults, adolescents and children: recommendations for a public health approach. December 2014 supplement to the 2013 consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection. Geneva: WHO. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/145719/9789241508193_eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.Google Scholar

WHO (2017a). Human papillomavirus vaccines: WHO position paper, May 2017 – Recommendations. Vaccine; 35(43): 5753–5.Google Scholar

WHO (2017b). HIV drug resistance report 2017. Geneva: WHO. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/255896/9789241512831-eng.pdf.Google Scholar

WHO (2018). Guidelines on the diagnosis, prevention and management of cryptococcal disease in HIV-infected adults, adolescents and children: supplement to the 2016 consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection. Geneva: WHO. www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241550277.Google Scholar

WHO (2019a). Consolidated guidelines on HIV testing services. Geneva: WHO. www.who.int/publications/i/item/978-92-4-155058–1.Google Scholar

WHO (2019b). Lateral flow urine lipoarabinomannan assay (LF-LAM) for the diagnosis of active tuberculosis in people living with HIV. Policy update. Geneva: WHO. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/329479/9789241550604-eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.Google Scholar

WHO (2020). WHO operational handbook on tuberculosis (Module 1 – Prevention): Tuberculosis preventive treatment. Geneva: WHO. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/331525/9789240002906-eng.pdf.Google Scholar

WHO (2021a). Consolidated guidelines on HIV prevention, testing, treatment, service delivery and monitoring recommendations for a public health approach 2021. Geneva: WHO. www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240031593.Google Scholar

WHO (2021b). Updated recommendations on HIV prevention, infant diagnosis, antiretroviral initiation and monitoring: March 2021. Geneva: WHO. www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240022232.Google Scholar

Wiktor, SZ, Sassan-Morokro, M, Grant, AD et al. (1999). Efficacy of trimethoprim- sulphamethoxazole prophylaxis to decrease morbidity and mortality in HIV-1-infected patients with tuberculosis in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet; 353: 1469–75.10.1016/S0140-6736(99)03465-0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

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El-Sadr, WM, Lundgren, JD, Neaton, JD et al. (2006). CD4 count-guided interruption of antiretroviral treatment. N Engl J Med; 355: 2283–96.Google ScholarPubMed

Fatti, G, Ngorima-Mabhena, N, Mothibi, E, Muzenda, T et al. (2020). Outcomes of three- versus six-monthly dispensing of antiretroviral treatment (ART) for stable HIV patients in Community ART Refill Groups: a cluster-randomized trial in Zimbabwe. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr; 84: 162–72.10.1097/QAI.0000000000002333CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Frigati, L, Ameyan, W, Cotton, MF et al. (2020). Chronic comorbidities in children and adolescents with perinatally acquired HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa in the era of antiretroviral therapy. Lancet Child Adolesc Health; 4(9): 688–98.10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30037-7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gordon, MA, Graham, SM (2008). Invasive salmonellosis in Malawi. J Infect Dev Ctries; 2: 438–42.10.3855/jidc.158CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hakim, J, Musiime, V, Szubert AJ et al. (2017). Enhanced prophylaxis plus antiretroviral therapy for advanced HIV infection in Africa. N Engl J Med; 17 (377): 233–45.Google Scholar

Hayes, RJ, Schulz, KF, Plummer, FA (1995). The cofactor effect of genital ulcers on the per-exposure risk of HIV transmission in sub-Saharan Africa. J Trop Med Hyg; 98: 1–8.Google ScholarPubMed

Hollingsworth, TD, Laeyendecker, O, Shirreff, G et al. (2010). HIV-1 transmitting couples have similar viral load set-points in Rakai, Uganda. PLoS Pathog; 6: p e1000876.10.1371/journal.ppat.1000876CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Katwere, M, Kambugu, A, Piloya, T et al. (2009). Clinical presentation and aetiologies of acute or complicated headache among HIV-seropositive patients in a Ugandan clinic. J Int AIDS Soc; 12: 21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kiwanuka, N, Laeyendecker, O, Robb, M et al. (2008). Effect of human immunodeficiency virus Type 1 (HIV-1) subtype on disease progression in persons from Rakai, Uganda, with incident HIV-1 infection. J Infect Dis; 197: 707–13.10.1086/527416CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Lucas, SB, Hounnou, A, Peacock, C et al. (1993). The mortality and pathology of HIV infection in a West African city. AIDS; 7: 1569–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lundgren JD, Babiker AG et al.; INSIGHT START Study Group, (2015). Initiation of antiretroviral therapy in early asymptomatic HIV infection. N Engl J Med; 373(9): 795–807.10.1056/NEJMoa1506816CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lynen, L, Zolfo, M, Huyst, V et al. (2005). Management of Kaposi’s sarcoma in resource-limited settings in the era of HAART. AIDS Rev; 7: 13–21.Google ScholarPubMed

Marlink, R, Kanki, P, Thior, I et al. (1994). Reduced rate of disease development after HIV-2 infection as compared to HIV-1. Science; 265: 1587–90.10.1126/science.7915856CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Martinez-Steele, E, Awasana, AA, Corrah, T et al. (2007). Is HIV-2-induced AIDS different from HIV-1-associated AIDS? Data from a West African clinic. AIDS; 21: 317–24.10.1097/QAD.0b013e328011d7abCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Meintjes, G, Wilkinson, RJ, Morroni, C et al. (2010). Randomized placebo-controlled trial of prednisone for paradoxical tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. AIDS; 24: 2381–90.10.1097/QAD.0b013e32833dfc68CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Morgan, D, Ross, A, Mayanja, B et al. (1998). Early manifestations (pre-AIDS) of HIV-1 infection in Uganda. AIDS; 12: 591–6.10.1097/00002030-199806000-00007CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Muller, M, Wandel, S, Colebunders, R et al. (2010). Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in patients starting antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis; 10: 251–61.10.1016/S1473-3099(10)70026-8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Payne, C, Kohler, H-P (2017). The population-level impact of public-sector antiretroviral therapy rollout on adult mortality in rural Malawi. Demogr Res; 36: 1081–108.10.4054/DemRes.2017.36.37CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Phipps, W, Ssewankambo, F, Nguyen, H et al. (2010). Gender differences in clinical presentation and outcomes of epidemic Kaposi sarcoma in Uganda. PLoS ONE; 5: e13936.Google Scholar

Reddy, EA, Shaw, AV, Crump, JA (2010). Community-acquired bloodstream infections in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis; 10: 417–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Robbins, R. N., Gouse, H., Brown, H. G. et al. (2018). A mobile app to screen for neurocognitive impairment: preliminary validation of NeuroScreen among HIV-infected South African adults. JMIR mHealth and uHealth; 6(1): e5.10.2196/mhealth.9148CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Sacktor, NC, Wong, M, Makasujja, N et al. (2005). The International HIV Dementia Scale: a new rapid screening test for HIV dementia. AIDS; 19: 1367–74.Google Scholar

Sharp, PM, Hahn, BH (2010). The evolution of HIV-1 and the origin of AIDS. Phil Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci; 365: 2487–94.10.1098/rstb.2010.0031CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Slogrove, AL, Schomaker, M, Davies, MA et al.; Collaborative Initiative for Paediatric HIV Education and Research (CIPHER) Global Cohort Collaboration (2018). The epidemiology of adolescents living with perinatally acquired HIV: a cross-region global cohort analysis. PLoS Med; 15(3): e1002514.Google Scholar

Taegtmeyer, M, Suckling, RM, Nguku, PM et al. (2008). Working with risk: occupational safety issues among healthcare workers in Kenya. AIDS Care; 20: 304–10.10.1080/09540120701583787CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Templeton, DJ (2010). Male circumcision to reduce sexual transmission of HIV. Curr Opin HIV AIDS; 5: 344–9.10.1097/COH.0b013e32833a46d3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Todd, J, Glynn, JR, Marston, M et al. (2007) Time from HIV seroconversion to death: a collaborative analysis of eight studies in six low and middle- income countries before highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS; 21 Suppl. 6: S55–63.10.1097/01.aids.0000299411.75269.e8CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Turkova, A et al. (2021). Dolutegravir-based ART is superior to NNRTI-PI-based ART in children and adolescents. Abstract 174. 29^th Conference of Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, USA.Google Scholar

Vallari, A, Holzmayer, V, Harris, B et al. (2011). Confirmation of putative HIV-1 group P in Cameroon. J Virology; 85(3): 1403–7.10.1128/JVI.02005-10CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Violari, A, Cotton, MF, Gibb, DM et al. (2008). Early antiretroviral therapy and mortality among HIV-infected infants. N Engl J Med; 359: 2233–44.10.1056/NEJMoa0800971CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

WHO (2007). WHO case definitions of HIV for surveillance and revised clinical staging and immunological classification of HIV-related disease in adults and children. Geneva: WHO. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/43699/9789241595629_eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.Google Scholar

WHO (2009). Guidelines for using HIV testing technologies in surveillance: selection, evaluation and implementation. 2009 update. Geneva: WHO. www.who.int/hiv/pub/surveillance/hiv_testing_technologies_surveillance.pdf.Google Scholar

WHO (2010). Priority interventions: HIV/AIDS prevention, treatment and care in the health sector 2010. Geneva: WHO. https://www.who.int/hiv/pub/priority_interventions_web.pdf.Google Scholar

WHO (2011). Guidelines for intensified tuberculosis case-finding and isoniazid preventive therapy for people living with HIV in resource-constrained settings. Geneva: WHO. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241500708_eng.pdf.Google Scholar

WHO (2014). Guidelines on post-exposure prophylaxis for HIV and the use of co-trimoxazole prophylaxis for HIV-related infections among adults, adolescents and children: recommendations for a public health approach. December 2014 supplement to the 2013 consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection. Geneva: WHO. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/145719/9789241508193_eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.Google Scholar

WHO (2017a). Human papillomavirus vaccines: WHO position paper, May 2017 – Recommendations. Vaccine; 35(43): 5753–5.Google Scholar

WHO (2017b). HIV drug resistance report 2017. Geneva: WHO. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/255896/9789241512831-eng.pdf.Google Scholar

WHO (2018). Guidelines on the diagnosis, prevention and management of cryptococcal disease in HIV-infected adults, adolescents and children: supplement to the 2016 consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection. Geneva: WHO. www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241550277.Google Scholar

WHO (2019a). Consolidated guidelines on HIV testing services. Geneva: WHO. www.who.int/publications/i/item/978-92-4-155058–1.Google Scholar

WHO (2019b). Lateral flow urine lipoarabinomannan assay (LF-LAM) for the diagnosis of active tuberculosis in people living with HIV. Policy update. Geneva: WHO. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/329479/9789241550604-eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.Google Scholar

WHO (2020). WHO operational handbook on tuberculosis (Module 1 – Prevention): Tuberculosis preventive treatment. Geneva: WHO. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/331525/9789240002906-eng.pdf.Google Scholar

WHO (2021a). Consolidated guidelines on HIV prevention, testing, treatment, service delivery and monitoring recommendations for a public health approach 2021. Geneva: WHO. www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240031593.Google Scholar

WHO (2021b). Updated recommendations on HIV prevention, infant diagnosis, antiretroviral initiation and monitoring: March 2021. Geneva: WHO. www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240022232.Google Scholar

Wiktor, SZ, Sassan-Morokro, M, Grant, AD et al. (1999). Efficacy of trimethoprim- sulphamethoxazole prophylaxis to decrease morbidity and mortality in HIV-1-infected patients with tuberculosis in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet; 353: 1469–75.10.1016/S0140-6736(99)03465-0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Zash, R, Holmes, LB, Diseko, M et al. (2021). Update on neural tube defects with antiretroviral exposure in the Tsepamo study, Botswana. Abstract PEBLB14. 11^th IAS Conference on HIV Science.Google ScholarPubMed

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