Sociality, Solitude, and the Life of the Exceptional Philosopher in Ibn Bājja and Ibn Ṭufayl
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 29 June 2025
Both Ibn Bājja and Ibn Ṭufayl – readers of al-Fārābī in the Islamic West – subscribe to the broad strokes of al-Fārābī’s ideas about humanity. However, in their works on the individual’s mystical journey, they take the gulf between the few and the many so seriously that they ponder whether and how a shared social life between those of excellent and deficient fiṭra is possible or desirable. They both agree with al-Fārābī that human beings share some form of a basic, created nature, or fiṭra; and, broadly speaking, they agree that humans’ fiṭar can be better or worse, which mostly influences people’s access to knowledge. However, they call into question the ability of those of excellent fiṭra to guide or live among those of lesser ones as al-Fārābī had envisioned. As part of this shift in interest, they zoom in on larger, social and political questions. These two Andalusian thinkers powerfully underscore the contested and copious nature of fiṭra and how engagement with fiṭra is part of larger questions about the necessity or possibility of human sociality and the nature of power relations.
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