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Appendix for Chapter 4

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 September 2025

Ning Leng
Ning Leng
Affiliation:
Georgetown University, Washington DC

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Type
Chapter
Information
Politicizing Business
How Firms Are Made to Serve the Party-State in China
 , pp. 180 - 184
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2025

Appendix for Chapter 4

Appendix 4.A. Effects of Different Visibility Projects on the Risk of Deprivatization, Urban Bus Sector, 1996–2016. Cox Proportional Hazard Models

Table A4.101
(1)(2)
Whole Sample20 Cities with BRT
Hazard RatioHazard Ratio
BRT construction6.727Footnote ***
(2.121)		48.695Footnote **
(85.384)
City title application3.799Footnote ***
(0.724)		0.996
(0.560)
New type bus4.238Footnote ***
(0.862)		2.370
(1.522)
Fiscal health
Bus per capita		0.989
(0.010)
0.956
(0.093)		8.983
(15.021)
6.343
(10.452)
Annual bus change
GDP per capita		1.255
(0.430)
1.005
(0.002)		0.066
(0.151)
1.016
(0.012)
Log pseudolikelihood−437.08−10.564
N1,811144

Notes:

* p≤ 0.10, **p≤ 0.05, ***p≤ 0.01. Robust standard errors in parentheses.

Appendix 4.B. Effects of Different Visibility Projects on the Risk of Deprivatization, Urban Bus Sector, 1996–2016. Cox Proportional Hazard Models

Table A4.102
(1)(2)(3)
CoefficientsCoefficientsCoefficients
City title application1.080Footnote ***
(0.144)		1.159Footnote ***
(0.159)		1.092Footnote ***
(0.164)
New type bus1.610Footnote ***
(0.162)		1.658Footnote ***
(0.171)		1.640Footnote ***
(0.170)
Fiscal health
Bus per capita		−0.009
(0.012)
0.035
(0.052)		−0.003
(0.011)
−0.137
(0.145)
Annual bus change
GDP per capita		0.018
(0.115)
0.004Footnote *
(0.002)
Log pseudolikelihood−708.29−570.62−561.62
N2,4721,9871,870

Notes:

* p≤ 0.10, **p≤ 0.05, ***p≤ 0.01. Robust standard errors in parentheses.

Appendix 4.C. Test of Proportional-Hazards Assumption, Model Specification 3 in Figure 4.2

As shown here, all of the variables are not significant either collectively or individually, thus supporting the assumption of proportional hazards.

Table A4.103
rhochi2DfProb>chi2
City title application−0.032020.1110.7380
New type bus−0.048630.3410.5583
Fiscal health−0.086210.2210.6357
Bus per capita0.185052.1610.1414
Annual bus change−0.104040.2610.6128
GDP per capita−0.150682.2610.1327
Global testn.a.3.9960.6783

Note: robust variance−covariance matrix used.

Appendix 4.D. Cox–Snell Residual Plot for Model Specification 3 in Figure 4.2

Figure A4.101
Line graph comparing Nelson-Aalen cumulative hazard and Cox-Snell residual.

As shown in the figure, I plot the Nelson–Aalen cumulative hazard function against the Cox–Snell residuals to check for general model fit. If the hazard function follows the 45-degree line, then it approximately has an exponential distribution with a hazard rate of 1, meaning the model fits the data well. As shown in the plot, the hazard function follows the 45-degree line closely except for very large values of time. The large values of time are mostly likely due to censored data, a common phenomenon in survival data. Overall, we can conclude that the model has an approximately exponential distribution with a hazard rate of 1 and that the main model fits the data well.

Appendix 4.E. Cox Proportional Hazard Model with Three-year Frequency

Table A4.104
Hazard ratioHazard ratio
City title application
Three-year frequency		2.324Footnote ***
(0.268)		Fiscal health0.994
(0.012)
New type bus
Three-year frequency		1.879Footnote ***
(0.195)		Bus per capita0.889
(0.112)
Annual bus replacement
GDP per capita		1.480
(0.636)
1.005
(0.003)
Log pseudolikelihood−397.96
N1,664

Notes:

* p≤ 0.10, **p≤ 0.05, ***p≤ 0.01. Robust standard errors in parentheses.

Appendix 4.F. Frailty Model and Logit Model

Table A4.105
Cox frailty modelLogit model, random effects, panel data
Hazard RatioCoefficient
City title application7.090Footnote ***
(2.814)		2.018Footnote ***
(0.280)
New type bus3.889Footnote ***
(1.363)		2.159Footnote ***
(0.238)
Fiscal health
Bus per capita		0.839
(0.141)
0.920
(0.162)		−0.012
(0.029)
−0.174
(0.229)
Annual bus change
GDP per capita		1.102
(0.816)
1.061Footnote *
(0.034)		1.432
(0.551)
1.005Footnote **
(0.003)
Log pseudolikelihood−413.62−387.36
N2,1121,667

Notes:

* p≤ 0.10, **p≤ 0.05, ***p≤ 0.01. Robust standard errors in parentheses.

Appendix 4.G. Effects of Different Visibility Projects on the Risk of Deprivatization, Urban Bus Sector, 1996–2016. Cox Proportional Hazard Models. With Leadership Tenure

Table A4.106
Hazard ratioHazard ratio
City title application4.011Footnote ***
(0.803)		Fiscal health0.988
(0.012)
New type bus4.667Footnote ***
(0.994)		Bus per capita0.906
(0.098)
Secretary tenure
Secretary tenure
Squared term		1.078
(0.201)
1.002
(0.022)		Annual bus change
GDP per capita		1.431
(0.055)
1.005Footnote *
(0.003)
Mayor tenure
Mayor tenure
Squared term		0.873
(0.161)
1.008
(0.025)		Log pseudolikelihood
N		−387.29
1666

Notes:

* p≤ 0.10, **p≤ 0.05, ***p≤ 0.01. Robust standard errors in parentheses.

Footnotes

Notes:

* p≤ 0.10, **p≤ 0.05, ***p≤ 0.01. Robust standard errors in parentheses.

Notes:

* p≤ 0.10, **p≤ 0.05, ***p≤ 0.01. Robust standard errors in parentheses.

Notes:

* p≤ 0.10, **p≤ 0.05, ***p≤ 0.01. Robust standard errors in parentheses.

Notes:

* p≤ 0.10, **p≤ 0.05, ***p≤ 0.01. Robust standard errors in parentheses.

Notes:

* p≤ 0.10, **p≤ 0.05, ***p≤ 0.01. Robust standard errors in parentheses.

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  • Appendix for Chapter 4
  • Ning Leng, Georgetown University, Washington DC
  • Book: Politicizing Business
  • Online publication: 29 September 2025
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009662277.010
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  • Appendix for Chapter 4
  • Ning Leng, Georgetown University, Washington DC
  • Book: Politicizing Business
  • Online publication: 29 September 2025
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009662277.010
Available formats
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Save book to Google Drive

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  • Appendix for Chapter 4
  • Ning Leng, Georgetown University, Washington DC
  • Book: Politicizing Business
  • Online publication: 29 September 2025
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009662277.010
Available formats
×