Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Dedication
- Contents
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Nonlinear optical effects
- 3 Electro-optic effects
- 4 Molecular nonlinear optics
- 5 Acentric self-assembled films
- 6 Crystalline materials
- 7 Electrically poled organic materials and thermo-optic materials
- 8 Overview of applications
- 9 Organic electro-optic waveguides, switches, and modulators
- 10 Nonlinear optical infrared and terahertz frequency conversion
- 11 Photorefractive effect and materials
- 12 Conclusions and future prospects
- Index
- References
1 - Introduction
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 August 2015
Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Dedication
- Contents
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Nonlinear optical effects
- 3 Electro-optic effects
- 4 Molecular nonlinear optics
- 5 Acentric self-assembled films
- 6 Crystalline materials
- 7 Electrically poled organic materials and thermo-optic materials
- 8 Overview of applications
- 9 Organic electro-optic waveguides, switches, and modulators
- 10 Nonlinear optical infrared and terahertz frequency conversion
- 11 Photorefractive effect and materials
- 12 Conclusions and future prospects
- Index
- References
Summary
Motivation
It has become increasingly recognized [1] that “photonic integration” is an important next step in the evolution of computing, telecommunications, sensing, transportation, medical, defense, and entertainment technologies. Such integration permits the best features of electronics and photonics to be exploited for information technology applications. There are important technological drivers of photonic/electronic integration, including realization of improved bandwidth and thermal management – transporting and manipulating information using photons avoids the high-frequency resistive losses and heating associated with movement of electrons in metal. Photonic/electronic integration is also evolving to include “chipscale” integration wherein both electronic and photonic circuitries are integrated on to the same chip, analogous to complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) electronic integration, which has revolutionized computing. Potential advantages of chipscale integration include far-reaching improvements in size, weight, power consumption, performance, reliability, and cost. While chipscale photonic/electronic integration is not likely to be monolithic, as in CMOS electronic integration, and the problems to be faced will certainly be challenging, there can be little doubt that it will ultimately occur and will have considerable societal and economic impact. Such integration has been greatly advanced by recent developments in the field of silicon photonics, plasmonics, and metamaterial device architectures [2 to 21]. For example, the high index of refraction of silicon has permitted a striking reduction in the size of photonic circuits, making the dimensions of these circuits more compatible with chipscale integration. Further reductions in circuit dimensions appear possible by exploiting plasmonics.
A key component of photonic/electronic integration is the interconversion of signals between the electronic and photonic domains. This is where electro-optics comes into play. An electro-optic (EO) material is one in which the electrical fields associated with photons and electrons can communicate through a highly hyperpolarizable (easily perturbed by electric fields) charge distribution. For an electro-optic material to be optimum for the transduction of electronic signal information into photonic signal information, the charge distribution should be easily perturbed by small electric field potentials (ideally by millivolt electric field potentials to minimize power consumption) and should have very fast (ideally femtosecond) response to time-varying electrical fields. It is these features that have attracted attention to organic EO materials. The fundamental response time of conjugated π-electron systems is the phase relaxation time and is almost universally of the order of tens of femtoseconds.
Information
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Organic Electro-Optics and PhotonicsMolecules, Polymers and Crystals, pp. 1 - 10Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2015
References
[1] NSF Workshop on Very Large Scale Photonic Integration, Arlington, VA, March 19–20, 2007; Defense Science Board Advisory Group on Electron Devices Workshop on Photonic Integration, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, July 24–26, 2007.
[6] , , , et al., Opt. Express, 13, 5216 (2005).
[22] , , , et al., Appl. Phys. Lett., 92, 163303 (2008).
[28] , Contribution à la theorie des susceptibilities non lineaires dans less solides par FLYTZANIS Christo, These Sc. Phys., Orsay (1970).Google Scholar
[31] and , Nonlinear Optics: Materials and Devices, Berlin, Springer-Verlag (1986).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[32] and , Eds., Nonlinear Optical Properties of Organic Molecules and Crystals, Orlando, Academic Press (1987).Google Scholar
[33] , , , , and , Proc. SPIE, 682, 1 (1986).
[36] , , and , in Characterization Techniques and Tabulations for Organic Nonlinear Optical Materials, and , Eds., New York, Marcel Dekker (1998), pp. 37–109, and references therein.Google Scholar
[39] , Photo- and Thermo-Stabilization of Second-Order Nonlinear Optical Polymers. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Southern California (1998).Google Scholar
[40] , Novel Phenylpolyene-Bridged Second-Order Nonlinear Optical Chromophores and New Thermally Stable Polyurethanes for Electro-Optic Applications. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Southern California (1999).Google Scholar
[41] , in Polymers for Photonics Applications I, , Ed., Berlin, Springer-Verlag (2002).Google Scholar
[43] , Ed., Nonlinear Optical Properties of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Washington, DC, ACS Symposium Series (1983).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[45] and , Eds., Nonlinear Optical and Electroactive Polymers, New York, Plenum Press (1986).Google Scholar
[46] and , Eds., Quantum Electronics: Principles and Applications, New York, Academic Press (1987).Google Scholar
[47] and , Introduction to Nonlinear Optical Effects in Molecules and Polymers, New York, John Wiley & Sons (1991).Google Scholar
[48] , , and , Eds., Materials for Nonlinear Optics: Chemical Perspectives, Washington, DC, ACS Symposium Series (1991).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[49] , , and , Eds., Organic Molecules for Nonlinear Optics and Photonics, NATO ASI Series E, Boston, Kluwer Academic (1991).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[51] , Ed., Polymers for Lightwave and Integrated Optics, New York, Marcel Dekker (1992).Google Scholar
[52] , , and , Eds., Electrical, Optical, and Magnetic Properties of Organic Solid State Materials. Mater. Res. Soc. Proc., 247 (1992).
[53] , Ed., Molecular Electronics and Molecular Electronic Devices, Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press (1993).Google Scholar
[54] , in Molecular Nonlinear Optics: Materials, Physics, and Devices, Boston, Academic Press (1993).Google Scholar
[55] and , Eds., Progress in Nonlinear Optics: Organics and Polymeric Materials, Nonlinear Opt., 6 (1993).
[56] , , , and , Eds., Electrical, Optical, and Magnetic Properties of Organic Solid State Materials, Mater. Res. Soc. Proc., 328 (1994).
[57] and , Eds., Polymers for Second-Order Nonlinear Optics, Washington, DC, ACS Symposium Series (1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[58] , , , et al., Organic Nonlinear Optical Materials, Basel, Gordon & Breach (1995).Google Scholar
[59] , , , et al., Eds., Electrical, Optical, and Magnetic Properties of Organic Solid State Materials, Mater. Res. Soc. Proc., 413 (1996).Google Scholar
[60] and , Eds., Organic Thin Films for Waveguiding Nonlinear Optics, Amsterdam, Gordon & Breach (1996).Google Scholar
[61] , , and , Photoactive Organic Materials: Science and Applications, Dordrecht, Kluwer (1996).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[62] and , Eds., Nonlinear Optics of Organic Molecular and Polymeric Materials, Boston, CRC Press (1996).Google Scholar
[63] and , Eds., Poled Polymers and their Applications in SHG and EO Devices, Amsterdam, Gordon & Breach (1997).Google Scholar
[64] and , Photonic and Optoelectronic Polymers, Washington, DC, ACS Symposium Series (1997).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[65] , , , , and , Eds., Electrical, Optical, and Magnetic Properties of Organic Solid State Materials, Mater. Res. Soc. Proc., 488 (1998).
[66] and , Eds., Characterization Techniques and Tabulations for Organic Nonlinear Optical Materials, New York, Marcel Dekker (1998).Google Scholar
[67] , , , , and , Eds., Electrical and Optical Polymer Systems, New York, Marcel Dekker (1998).Google Scholar
[68] , Ed., Polymers for Photonics Applications I, Berlin, Springer-Verlag (2002).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[69] and , Handbook of Conducting Polymers. Conjugated Polymers: Theory, Synthesis, Properties, and Characterization, Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press (2007).Google Scholar
[70] , , and , Organic Thin Films for Photonics Applications, Washington, DC, ACS Symposium Series (2010).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[71] and , Eds., Broadband Optical Modulators: Science, Technology, and Applications, New York, Taylor & Francis (2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[72] and , in Characterization Techniques and Tabulations for Organic Nonlinear Optical Materials, and , Eds., New York, Marcel Dekker (1998), pp. 1–36.Google Scholar
Accessibility standard: Unknown
Accessibility compliance for the PDF of this book is currently unknown
and may be updated in the future.
- 2
- Cited by