As we saw in the last chapter, instincts and learning interact in complex ways to produce the characteristic behaviours of each species and individual. So far, we have discussed learning in a broad sense: ducklings learn who to follow after they hatch; zebra finches learn what traits their future mates should have; guinea pigs learn to get along with members of their own species; and vervet monkeys learn which warning call to sound for a leopard and which to sound for an eagle. The pigeons Jack and Jill even learned (with help) to transmit information with symbols so efficiently that it appeared as though they were having a conversation. In this chapter we will take a closer look at which cognitive capacities animals possess: whether they can not only learn but also think, and whether they, like humans, can develop self-awareness.