Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-6bb9c88b65-kzqxb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-07-26T06:10:06.528Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 4 - Neuroimaging Biomarkers in Pediatric Mood Disorders

from Section 2 - Anatomical Studies

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 January 2021

By
Mary Melissa Packer ,
Whitney Tang  and
Manpreet K. Singh
Edited by
Sudhakar Selvaraj ,
Paolo Brambilla  and
Jair C. Soares
Sudhakar Selvaraj
Affiliation:
UTHealth School of Medicine, USA
Paolo Brambilla
Affiliation:
Università degli Studi di Milano
Jair C. Soares
Affiliation:
UT Harris County Psychiatric Center, USA
Get access

Summary

Mood disorders, including bipolar disorder (BD) and major depressive disorder (MDD), are serious and often-recurring psychiatric conditions that commonly first manifest during childhood or adolescence (1, 2). Youth with mood disorders are four times more likely to attempt suicide (32% vs. 8% in the general population) (3), are at elevated risk for developing co-occurring psychiatric disorders (4), and frequently experience family maladjustment and exposure to significant early-life stress (5, 6).

Information

Type
Chapter
Information
Mood Disorders
Brain Imaging and Therapeutic Implications
 , pp. 28 - 38
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Strakowski, SM (ed.). The Bipolar Brain: Integrating Neuroimaging with Genetics. New York: Oxford University Press; 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gotlib, IH, Ordaz, SJ. The importance of assessing neural trajectories in pediatric depression. JAMA Psychiatry. 2016; 73(1): 9–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC/National Center for Health Statistics [Internet]. 2017; available from: www.cdc.gov/datastatistics/index.htmlGoogle Scholar
Axelson, D, Birmaher, B, Strober, M, et al. Phenomenology of children and adolescents with bipolar spectrum disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006; 63(10): 1139–1148.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Strawn, JR, Adler, CM, Fleck, DE, et al. Post-traumatic stress symptoms and trauma exposure in youth with first episode bipolar disorder. Early Interv Psychiatry. 2010; 4(2): 169–173.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rao, U, Chen, L-A, Bidesi, AS, et al. Hippocampal changes associated with early-life adversity and vulnerability to depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2010; 67(4): 357–364.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Verboom, CE, Sijtsema, JJ, Verhulst, FC, Penninx, BWJH, Ormel, J. Longitudinal associations between depressive problems, academic performance, and social functioning in adolescent boys and girls. Dev Psychol. 2014; 50(1): 247–257.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DelBello, MP, Zimmerman, ME, Mills, NP, Getz, GE, Strakowski, SM. Magnetic resonance imaging analysis of amygdala and other subcortical brain regions in adolescents with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2004; 6(1): 43–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whitton, AE, Treadway, MT, Pizzagalli, DA. Reward processing dysfunction in major depression, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2015; 28(1): 7–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pfeifer, JC, Welge, J, Strakowski, SM, Adler, CM, DelBello, MP. Meta-analysis of amygdala volumes in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2008; 47(11): 1289–1298.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caetano, SC, Olvera, RL, Glahn, D, et al. Fronto-limbic brain abnormalities in juvenile onset bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2005; 58(7): 525–531.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Usher, J, Leucht, S, Falkai, P, Scherk, H. Correlation between amygdala volume and age in bipolar disorder – a systematic review and meta-analysis of structural MRI studies. Psychiatry Res. 2010; 182(1): 1–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Janiri, D, Sani, G, Rossi, PD, et al. Amygdala and hippocampus volumes are differently affected by childhood trauma in patients with bipolar disorders and healthy controls. Bipolar Disord. 2017; 19(5): 353–362.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frazier, JA, Breeze, JL, Makris, N, et al. Cortical gray matter differences identified by structural magnetic resonance imaging in pediatric bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2005; 7(6): 555–569.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Singh, MK, Kelley, RG, Chang, KD, Gotlib, IH. Intrinsic amygdala functional connectivity in youth with bipolar I disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2015; 54(9): 763–770.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caetano, SC, Fonseca, M, Hatch, JP, et al. Medial temporal lobe abnormalities in pediatric unipolar depression. Neurosci Lett. 2007; 427(3): 142–147.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Videbech, P, Ravnkilde, B. Hippocampal volume and depression: a meta-analysis of MRI studies. Am J Psychiatry. 2004; 161(11): 1957–1966.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kelley, R, Chang, KD, Garrett, A, et al. Deformations of amygdala morphology in familial pediatric bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2013; 15(7): 795–802.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tannous, J, Amaral-Silva, H, Cao, B, et al. Hippocampal subfield volumes in children and adolescents with mood disorders. J Psychiatr Res. 2018; 101: 57–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Singh, MK, Chang, KD, Kelley, RG, et al. Reward processing in adolescents with bipolar I disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2013; 52(1): 68–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rich, BA, Schmajuk, M, Perez-Edgar, KE, et al. The impact of reward, punishment, and frustration on attention in pediatric bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2005; 58(7): 532–539.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keren, H, O’Callaghan, G, Vidal-Ribas, P, et al. Reward processing in depression: a conceptual and meta-analytic review across fMRI and EEG studies. Am J Psychiatry. 2014 January; 9(1): 94–108. DOI:10.1177/1745691613513469.Google Scholar
Salvadore, G, Quiroz, JA, Machado-Vieira, R, et al. The neurobiology of the switch process in bipolar disorder: a review. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010; 71(11): 1488–1501.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gotlib, IH, Joormann, J, Foland-Ross, LC. Understanding familial risk for depression: a 25-year perspective. Perspect Psychol Sci. 2014; 9(1): 94–108.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pagliaccio, D, Luby, J, Gaffrey, M, et al. Anomalous functional brain activation following negative mood induction in children with pre-school onset major depression. Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2012; 2(2): 256–267.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kerestes, R, Davey, CG, Stephanou, K, Whittle, S, Harrison, BJ. Functional brain imaging studies of youth depression: a systematic review. NeuroImage: Clin. 2014; 4: 209–231.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Singh, MK, Leslie, SM, Packer, MM, et al. Brain and behavioral correlates of insulin resistance in youth with depression and obesity. Hormones and Behavior. [Internet] 2018 [cited 2018 September 11]; available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0018506X17305019Google Scholar
Sun, KL, Watson, KT, Angal, S, et al. Neural and endocrine correlates of early life abuse in youth with depression and obesity. Front Psychiatry. 2018; 9: 721.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luby, JL, Belden, AC, Jackson, JJ, Lessov-Schlaggar, CN, Harms, MP, Tillman, R, et al. Early childhood depression and alterations in the trajectory of gray matter maturation in middle childhood and early ddolescence. JAMA Psychiatry. 2016; 73(1): 31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nimarko, AF, Garrett, AS, Carlson, GA, Singh, MK. Neural correlates of emotion processing predict resilience in youth at familial risk for mood disorders. Dev Psychopathol. 2019 August; 31(3): 1037–1052. DOI:10.1017/S0954579419000579.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gogtay, N, Rapoport, JL. Childhood-onset schizophrenia: Insights from neuroimaging studies. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2008; 47(10): 1120–1124.Google ScholarPubMed
Singh, MK, Leslie, SM, Packer, MM, Weisman, EF, Gotlib, IH. Limbic intrinsic connectivity in depressed and high-risk youth. Journal of Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2018 October; 57(10): 775–785.e3. DOI:10.1016/j.jaac.2018.06.017.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Singh, MK, Garrett, AS, Chang, KD. Using neuroimaging to evaluate and guide pharmacological and psychotherapeutic treatments for mood disorders in children. CNS Spectr. 2015; 20(4): 359–368.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kafantaris, V, Spritzer, L, Doshi, V, Saito, E, Szeszko, PR. Changes in white matter microstructure predict lithium response in adolescents with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2017; 19(7): 587–594.Google Scholar
Baykara, B, Inal-Emiroglu, N, Karabay, N, et al. Increased hippocampal volumes in lithium treated adolescents with bipolar disorders: A structural MRI study. J Affect Disord. 2012; 138(3): 433–439.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mitsunaga, MM, Garrett, A, Howe, M, et al. Increased subgenual cingulate cortex volume in pediatric bipolar disorder associated with mood stabilizer exposure. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2011; 21(2): 149–155.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chang, K, Barnea-Goraly, N, Karchemskiy, A, et al. Cortical magnetic resonance imaging findings in familial pediatric bipolar disorder. Biological Psychiatry. 2005; 58(3): 197–203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yang, H, Lu, LH, Wu, M, et al. Time course of recovery showing initial prefrontal cortex changes at 16 weeks, extending to subcortical changes by 3 years in pediatric bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2013; 150(2): 571–577.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Diler, RS, Segreti, AM, Ladouceur, CD, et al. Neural correlates of treatment in adolescents with bipolar depression during response inhibition. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2013; 23(3): 214–221.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garrett, AS, Miklowitz, DJ, Howe, ME, et al. Changes in brain activation following psychotherapy for youth with mood dysregulation at familial risk for bipolar disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2015; 56: 215–220.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Strawn, JR, Cotton, S, Luberto, CM, et al. Neural function before and after mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in anxious adolescents at risk for developing bipolar disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2016; 26(4): 372–379.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buchheim, A, Viviani, R, Kessler, H, et al. Changes in prefrontal-limbic function in major depression after 15 months of long-term psychotherapy. PLoS ONE. 2012; 7(3): e33745.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldapple, K, Segal, Z, Garson, C, et al. Modulation of cortical-limbic pathways in major depression: treatment-specific effects of cognitive behavior therapy. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004; 61(1): 34–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tao, R, Calley, CS, Hart, J, et al. Brain activity in adolescent major depressive disorder before and after fluoxetine treatment. Am J Psychiatry. 2012; 169(4): 381–388.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frazier, JA, Breeze, JL, Makris, N, et al. Cortical gray matter differences identified by structural magnetic resonance imaging in pediatric bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2005; 7(6): 555–569.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bearden, CE, Thompson, PM, Dutton, RA, et al. Three-dimensional mapping of hippocampal anatomy in unmedicated and lithium-treated patients with bipolar disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2008; 33(6): 1229–1238.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ahn, W-Y, Rass, O, Fridberg, DJ, et al. Temporal discounting of rewards in patients with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. J Abnorm Psychol. 2011; 120(4): 911–921.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dickstein, DP, Leibenluft, E. Emotion regulation in children and adolescents: Boundaries between normalcy and bipolar disorder. Development and Psychopathology. 2006; 18(4): 1105–1131.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Geller, B, Tillman, R, Bolhofner, K, Zimerman, B. Child bipolar I disorder: Prospective continuity with adult bipolar I disorder; characteristics of second and third episodes; predictors of 8-year outcome. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2008; 65(10): 1125–1133.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Matsuo, K, R Rosenberg, D, C Easter, P, et al. Striatal volume abnormalities in treatment-naïve patients diagnosed with pediatric major depressive disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 2008; 18: 121–131.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pan, PM, Sato, JR, Salum, GA, et al. Ventral striatum functional connectivity as a predictor of adolescent depressive disorder in a longitudinal community-based sample. AJP. 2017; 174(11): 1112–1119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, HH, Nicoletti, MA, Hatch, JP, et al. Abnormal left superior temporal gyrus volumes in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder: A magnetic resonance imaging study. Neurosci Lett. 2004; 363(1): 65–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peterson, BS, Warner, V, Bansal, R, et al. Cortical thinning in persons at increased familial risk for major depression. PNAS. 2009; 106(15): 6273–6278.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fallucca, E, MacMaster, FP, Haddad, J, et al. Distinguishing between major depressive disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder in children by measuring regional cortical thickness. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011; 68(5): 527–533.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steingard, RJ, Renshaw, PF, Yurgelun-Todd, D, et al. Structural abnormalities in brain magnetic resonance images of depressed children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1996; 35(3): 307–311.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steingard, RJ, Renshaw, PF, Hennen, J, et al. Smaller frontal lobe white matter volumes in depressed adolescents. Biological Psychiatry. 2002; 52(5): 413–417.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blumberg, HP, Krystal, JH, Bansal, R, et al. Age, rapid-cycling, and pharmacotherapy effects on ventral prefrontal cortex in bipolar disorder: A cross-sectional study. Biol Psychiatry. 2006; 59(7): 611–618.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chiu, S, Widjaja, F, Bates, M, et al. Anterior cingulate volume in pediatric bipolar disorder and autism. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2008; 105: 93–99.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gogtay, N, Ordonez, A, Herman, DH, et al. Dynamic mapping of cortical development before and after the onset of pediatric bipolar illness. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2007; 48(9): 852–862.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baloch, HA, Hatch, JP, Olvera, RL, et al. Morphology of the subgenual prefrontal cortex in pediatric bipolar disorder. J Psychiatr Res. 2010; 44(15): 1106–1110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boes, AD, McCormick, LM, Coryell, WH, Nopoulos, P. Rostral anterior cingulate cortex volume correlates with depressed mood in normal healthy children. Biol Psychiatry. 2008; 63(4): 391–397.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goodman, M, Hazlett, EA, Avedon, JB, et al. Anterior cingulate volume reduction in adolescents with borderline personality disorder and co-morbid major depression. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2011; 45(6): 803–807.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nolan, CL, Moore, GJ, Madden, R, et al. Prefrontal cortical volume in childhood-onset major depression: Preliminary findings. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002; 59(2): 173–179.Google Scholar
Shad, MU, Muddasani, S, Rao, U. Gray matter differences between healthy and depressed adolescents: A voxel-based morphometry study. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2012; 22(3): 190–197.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Belden, AC, Irvin, K, Hajcak, G, et al. Neural correlates of reward processing in depressed and healthy preschool-age children. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2016; 55(12): 1081–1089.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Accessibility standard: Unknown

Accessibility compliance for the PDF of this book is currently unknown and may be updated in the future.

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge-org.demo.remotlog.com is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×