Most biodiversity resources are under states’ jurisdictional control or are shared among states in a region. These biodiversity resources cannot, thus, be characterized as global common resources. The biodiversity loss that is witnessed worldwide has, however, put the protection of biodiversity on the international agenda with a new sense of urgency. The international management of national biodiversity involves attempts of the international community to globally enclose national commons. As many states do not have adequate resources to protect and manage their biodiversity resources, these resources often become open access resources and are degraded. National and transnational protected areas and international gene banks are methods that have been used to protect biodiversity resources. Other efforts include measures to curb or prohibit the trade in endangered species and the adoption of international treaties, such as the World Heritage Convention, the African Convention for the Conservation of Nature, and conventions on the protection of migratory species, seals, and whales. This chapter emphasizes that local and global efforts for the protection of biodiversity should not be used as means to suppress the rights of indigenous peoples and farmers or to forcibly relocate them without their consent.