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Contents

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 June 2025

Chenggang Xu
Affiliation:
Stanford University, California

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Type
Chapter
Information
Institutional Genes
Origins of China's Institutions and Totalitarianism
, pp. ix - xiii
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2025

Contents

  1. List of Figures

  2. Preface and Acknowledgments

  3. List of Abbreviations

  4. 1Introduction

    1. 1.1Overview

    2. 1.2Institutional Divergence

    3. 1.3China’s Institutional Evolution

    4. 1.4The Institutional Regime in Contemporary China: An Outline

    5. 1.5The Institutional Genes of Regionally Administered Totalitarianism

    6. 1.6Institutional Genes: From the Imperial System to Communist Totalitarianism

    7. 1.7Two Additional Examples of Institutional Genes

  5. 2Institutions and Institutional Genes: Methodology

    1. 2.1The Primary Components of Institutions

    2. 2.2Institutional Genes in Institutional Evolution

  6. 3Property Rights as a Form of Institutional Gene

    1. 3.1Ultimate Control Rights versus the Bundle of Rights: Differing Concepts of Property Rights

    2. 3.2Private Property Rights as an Institutional Gene

    3. 3.3China’s Traditional Legal System: An Instrument of Dominance

    4. 3.4Property Rights and Sovereignty in the Chinese Empire

  7. 4The Emergence and Evolution of the Institutional Genes of the Chinese Imperial System

    1. 4.1Fundamental Features of the Chinese Imperial System: Institutional Genes with a Trinity Structure

    2. 4.2The Genesis of Imperial Rule in China

    3. 4.3The Emergence and Evolution of the Chinese Empire

    4. 4.4The Incompatibility of China’s Imperial System with Constitutionalism

  8. 5The Imperial Examinations and Confucianism: The Institutional Genes for Imperial Personnel and Ideology

    1. 5.1Confucianism and the Keju System versus Christianity and the Church

    2. 5.2The Emergence and Evolution of Official Confucianism and the Keju System

    3. 5.3The Confucian Keju System Becomes a Mature Institutional Gene

  9. 6The Institutional Genes of Totalitarian Ideology

    1. 6.1Christian Origins: The Münster Totalitarian Regime

    2. 6.2The Birth of Secular Communist Totalitarianism

    3. 6.3Origins of Babeuf’s Communism: The French Enlightenment

    4. 6.4Marxist Communist Totalitarianism

  10. 7Institutional Genes of Totalitarianism: The Tsarist Empire

    1. 7.1Similarities between the Imperial Systems of China and Russia

    2. 7.2The Genesis of Russia’s Institutional Genes: Mongol Rule

    3. 7.3The Genesis of Russia’s Institutional Genes: Eastern Orthodoxy and the Byzantine Empire

    4. 7.4The Institutional Genes of Tsarism

    5. 7.5The Product of the Tsarist Institutional Genes

  11. 8The Birth of Bolshevik Totalitarianism

    1. 8.1Totalitarian Party: The Bolsheviks

    2. 8.2Institutional Conditions for the Seizure of Power by the Totalitarian Party

    3. 8.3Establishing a Full-Fledged Totalitarian System

  12. 9The Failure of Constitutional Reforms and Republican Revolution

    1. 9.1Constitutionalism in Name Only: The Hundred Days’ Reform

    2. 9.2Rival to Constitutionalism: Social Darwinism

    3. 9.3Failed Constitutional Reform and the Collapse of the Empire

    4. 9.4Failure of the Republican Revolution (1911–1916)

    5. 9.5Revolutionary Parties: The Institutional Genes of the “Secret Societies”

  13. 10Building China’s Bolshevik Party

    1. 10.1Communist “Jesuits”: The Comintern’s Infiltration into China

    2. 10.2The China Branch of the Comintern: The CCP

    3. 10.3Secret Societies: The Institutional Gene for Building the Party and Its Army

    4. 10.4Reign of Terror and the Emergence of a Totalitarian Leader

  14. 11Building a Totalitarian Regime: From the Chinese Soviet to the People’s Republic

    1. 11.1The Establishment of the Chinese Soviet Republic

    2. 11.2Mobilization and Domination: Land Reform and the Suppression of Counterrevolutionaries

    3. 11.3Emergence of Regionally Administered Totalitarianism during the Revolutionary Era

    4. 11.4Sovietization: Building a Full-Fledged Classical Totalitarian System

  15. 12Regionally Administered Totalitarianism

    1. 12.1Totalitarian Rule by Instilling Fear: The Anti-Rightist Movement

    2. 12.2The Great Leap Forward: The First Wave of Establishing RADT

    3. 12.3The Cultural Revolution: Consolidating RADT

    4. 12.4The Deep-Rooted RADT System and the Shattering of Ideals

  16. 13The Post-Mao Reform and Its Cessation: The Rise and Fall of Regionally Decentralized Authoritarianism

    1. 13.1Reforms for the Survival of Totalitarianism

    2. 13.2Economic Reform: Urgent Reaction to the Collapse of the USSR

    3. 13.3Towards Regionally Decentralized Authoritarianism

    4. 13.4Succession in Totalitarian Parties

    5. 13.5The Evolution of Opposing Institutional Genes during the Reform Process

    6. 13.6Totalitarian Institutional Constraints on Economic Growth

    7. 13.7Summary

  17. 14Conclusion

    1. 14.1The Great Challenge: Understanding Totalitarianism

    2. 14.2Summary of Institutional Genes and Institutional Evolution

    3. 14.3An Empirical Analysis of Totalitarian Regimes

    4. 14.4Literature Overview

    5. 14.5The Transformation Path in Taiwan: An Institutional Gene Analysis

    6. 14.6Institutional Transformation of the Communist Bloc and the Role of Institutional Genes

    7. 14.7Concluding Remarks on the Concept of Institutional Genes

  18. References

  19. Index

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  • Contents
  • Chenggang Xu, Stanford University, California
  • Book: Institutional Genes
  • Online publication: 03 June 2025
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  • Contents
  • Chenggang Xu, Stanford University, California
  • Book: Institutional Genes
  • Online publication: 03 June 2025
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  • Contents
  • Chenggang Xu, Stanford University, California
  • Book: Institutional Genes
  • Online publication: 03 June 2025
Available formats
×