Environmental Effects

Frank R. Jones

doi:10.1017/9781139565943.009

8 - Environmental Effects

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 14 April 2022

Frank R. Jones

Show author details

Frank R. Jones: Affiliation:
University of Sheffield

Book contents

Get access

Summary

Polymeric matrices absorb moisture, so here we examine how this affects the performance of a composite material. For an aerospace artefact, absorption and desorption is an important issue. For example, on the tarmac the relative humidity (RH) is high, whereas in flight the RH is low. Also, the ambient temperature can vary significantly, whereas the skin of a military aircraft may reach temperatures of 120 °C in flight. Therefore, we consider the effects of RH, temperature, and thermal excursions on moisture absorption and how they influence the micromechanics. Initially we can assume that the fibres are insensitive to water, which is realistic for most common reinforcements apart from aramid fibres.

Information

Type: Chapter
Information: Composites Science, Technology, and Engineering , pp. 269 - 301

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139565943.009 [Opens in a new window]

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Crank, J., The mathematics of diffusion, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1975).Google Scholar

Springer, G. S., ed. Environmental effects in composite materials vols. 1–3 (Westport, CT: Technomic, 1981–1988).Google Scholar

Crank, J. and Park, G. S., eds, Diffusion in polymers (New York: Academic Press, 1968).Google Scholar

Windle, A. H., Case II sorption. In Polymer permeability, ed. Comyn, J. (London: Chapman and Hall, 1985), pp. 75–118.Google Scholar

Thomas, N. L. and Windle, A. H., A theory of case II diffusion. Polymer 23 (1982), 529–542.Google Scholar

Collings, T. A., Moisture absorption: Fickian diffusion kinetics and moisture profiles. In Handbook of polymer-fibre composites, ed. Jones, F. R. (Harlow: Longman, 1994), pp. 366–371.Google Scholar

Shen, C. H. and Springer, G. S., Moisture absorption and desorption of composite materials. J. Compos. Mater. 10 (1976), 2–20.Google Scholar

Jones, F. R. and Foreman, J. P., The response of aerospace composites to temperature and humidity. In Polymer composites in the aerospace industry, ed. Irving, P. E. and Soutis, C. (Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing, 2015), pp. 335–369.Google Scholar

Collings, T. A. and Copley, S. M., On the accelerated ageing of CFRP. Composites 14 (1983), 180–188.Google Scholar

Ellis, B. and Found, M. S., The effects of water absorption on a polyester/chopped strand mat laminate. Composites 14 (1983), 237–243.Google Scholar

Jones, F. R., The effects of aggressive environments on long-term behaviour. In Fatigue in composites, ed. Harris, B. (Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing, 2003), pp. 117–146CrossRef Google Scholar

Karad, S. K., Jones, F. R., and Attwood, D., Mechanisms of moisture absorption by cyanate ester modified epoxy resin matrices. Part I: Effect of Spiking Parameters. Polymer 43 (2002), 5209–5218.Google Scholar

Struik, L. G. E., Physical ageing in amorphous polymers and other materials (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1978).Google Scholar

Kelley, F. N. and Bueche, F., Viscosity and glass temperature relations for polymer‐diluent systems. J. Polym. Sci. 50 (1961), 549–556.Google Scholar

Fox, T. G., Influence of diluent and of copolymer composition on the glass temperature of a polymer system. Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 1 (1956), 123.Google Scholar

Porter, D., Group interaction modelling of polymer properties (New York: Marcel Dekker, 1995).Google Scholar

Jones, F. R., Molecular modelling of composite matrix properties. In Multi-scale modeling of composite material systems, ed. Soutis, C. and Beaumont, P. W. R. (Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing, 2005), pp. 1–32.Google Scholar

Gumen, V. R., Jones, F. R., and Attwood, D., Prediction of the glass transition temperatures for epoxy resins and blends using group interaction modeling. Polymer 42 (2001), 5717–5725.Google Scholar

Foreman, J. P., Porter, D., Behzadi, S., Travis, K. P., and Jones, F. R., Thermodynamic and mechanical properties of amine-cured epoxy resins using group interaction modelling. J. Mater. Sci. 41 (2006), 6631–6638.CrossRef Google Scholar

Foreman, J. P., Behzadi, S., Porter, D., Curtis, P. T., and Jones, F. R., Hierarchical modelling of a polymer matrix composite. J. Mater. Sci. 43 (2008), 6642–6650.CrossRef Google Scholar

Foreman, J. P., Behzadi, S., Porter, D., and Jones, F. R., Multi-scale modelling of the effect of a viscoelastic matrix on the strength of a carbon fibre composite. Philos. Mag. 90 (2010), 4227–4244.Google Scholar

Wright, W. W., The effect of diffusion of water into epoxy resins and their carbon-fibre reinforced composites. Composites 12 (1981), 201–205.Google Scholar

Gumen, V. R. and Jones, F. R., Modelling of the effect of moisture absorption on the thermomechanical relaxation spectra for thermoset/thermoplastic resin blends. In Thermoplastics-based blends and composites, ed. Chodak, I. and Lacik, I. (Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 2001), pp. 139–148.Google Scholar

Hough, J. A., Enhanced moisture absorption in advanced composites, PhD thesis, University of Sheffield, UK (1997).Google Scholar

Jones, F. R., Durability of reinforced plastics in liquid environments. In Reinforced plastics durability, ed. Pritchard, G. (Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing, 1999), pp. 70–110.Google Scholar

Karad, S. K. and Jones, F. R., Mechanisms of moisture absorption by cyanate ester modified epoxy resin matrices: the clustering of water molecules. Polymer 46 (2005), 2732–2738.Google Scholar

Karad, S. K., Hough, J., and Jones, F. R., The effect of thermal spiking on moisture absorption kinetics, mechanical and viscoelastic properties of carbon fibre reinforced epoxy laminates. Compos. Sci. Technol. 65 (2005), 1299–1305.Google Scholar

Treloar, L. R. G., The physics of rubber elasticity, 3rd ed. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1975).Google Scholar

Karad, S. K., Jones, F. R., and Attwood, D., Mechanisms of moisture absorption by cyanate ester modified epoxy resin matrices. Part III: Effect of Blend Composition. Composites A 33 (2002), 1665–1675.Google Scholar

Jones, F. R., The effects of aggressive environments on long-term behaviour. In Fatigue in composites, ed. Harris, B. (Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing, 2003), pp. 117–146.Google Scholar

Chen, F. and Birley, A. W., Plast. Rub. Compos. Process. Appl. 15 (1991), 161–168.Google Scholar

Chen, F. and Birley, A. W., Plast. Rub. Compos. Process. Appl. 15 (1991), 169.Google Scholar

Jacobs, P. M. and Jones, F. R., The mechanism of enhanced moisture absorption and damage accumulation in composites exposed to thermal spikes. In Composite design, manufacture and application (ICCM VIII), ed. Tsai, S. W. and Springer, G. (Corina, CA: SAMPE, 1991), paper G.Google Scholar

Soutis, C., Plast. Rub. Compos. Process. Appl. 38 (2009), 55–60.Google Scholar

Behzadi, S., Role of matrix yield in composite performance, PhD thesis, University of Sheffield, UK (2006).Google Scholar

van Krevelen, D. W. and Te Nijenhuis, K., Properties of polymers (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2009).Google Scholar

Schulte, K. L., Cyclic mechanical loading. In Reinforced plastics durability, ed. Pritchard, G. (Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing, 1999), pp. 151–185.Google Scholar

Schulte, K. L., Mulkers, A., Berg, H. D., and Scholke, H., Environmental influence on the fatigue behaviour of amorphous glass/thermoplastic matrix composites. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Fatigue of Composites, ed. Degallaix, S., Bathias, C., and Fongeres, R. (1997), pp. 339–346.Google Scholar

Weatherhead, R. G., FRP technology: fibre reinforced resin systems (London: Applied Science, 1980).Google Scholar

van Dingenen, J. L. J., Gel spun high performance polyethylene fibres. In High performance fibres. ed. Hearle, J. W. S. (Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing, 2001), pp. 62–92.CrossRef Google Scholar

Tsui, S.-W. and Jones, F. R., Evaluation of the performance of the barrier layers of sand-filled GRP sewer linings. Plast. Rub. Process. Applicat. 11 (1989), 141–146.Google Scholar

Jones, F. R., Glass fibres. In High performance fibres, ed. Hearle, J. W. S. (Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing, 2001), pp. 191–238.Google Scholar

Jones, F. R., Designing composites for durability in aqueous and corrosive environments. In Designing cost effective composites (London: Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 1998), pp. 65–82.Google Scholar

Accessibility standard: Unknown

Accessibility compliance for the PDF of this book is currently unknown and may be updated in the future.