Qiu Jun was convinced that geography offered recourse for ordering the Ming world. This chapter looks into how geography fit into Qiu’s statecraft model, particularly as it related to his visions for managing non-Chinese populations within and without dynastic borders. I begin by reconstructing Qiu Jun’s doctrinal views, showing that he wished to keep Chinese and “barbarians” separate by respecting the natural boundaries that divided their territories. I then discuss how he leveraged the precedents of China’s past to support his delimiting program and further situate Qiu in the geo-demographic realities of fifteenth-century China. Moreover, a qualification is at this point made: his commitment to an absolute model of demarcation for the Ming was not ironclad. This chapter indeed stresses the need to distinguish between doctrinal absolutism and practical compromise in Qiu Jun’s geographic statecraft, for Qiu could turn from idealist to realist when he really needed to.