Qiu Jun’s Supplement was meant as a handbook for bringing peace and order to “All-under-Heaven” (tianxia), but it was also intended as a guide to delimit the perimeters of the Ming state. The paired chapters 143 and 144, titled “The Boundary between the Chinese within and the Non-Chinese from Beyond,” are the focus of this chapter not only because they offer an excellent illustration of the fundamental tension that has long existed in the practice of Chinese statecraft between the claim of universality, on the one hand, and the reality of demarcating (and defending) one’s domain, on the other, but also because they provide a clear example of how the traditional rhetoric concerning the divide between “Chinese” (hua) and “non-Chinese” (yi) had to be repressed during the subsequent Qing dynasty when China was under Manchu rule.