Tōzan, Ashi 蘆東山 (Ashino Tokurin 蘆野徳林). Mukei roku 無刑錄 (Records of punishing no more). 1755. Reprint, Tokyo: Genroin, 1877.Google Scholar

Gu, Ban 班固. Han shu 漢書 (History of the Han dynasty). Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1962.Google Scholar

Biot, Edouard, trans. Le Tcheou-li. 2 vols. Paris: Imprimerie nationale, 1851.Google Scholar

Botero, Giovanni. The Reason of State, edited by Bireley, Robert. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017.Google Scholar

Botero, Giovanni. The Traveller’s Breviat, or an Historical Description of the Most Famous Kingdoms and Commonweals in the Worlds. London: John Jaggard, 1603.Google Scholar

Chen, Cai 蔡沈. Shujing jizhuan 書經集傳 (Collected commentaries on the Book of Documents). SKQS.Google Scholar

Hongmo, Chen 陳洪謨. Zhishi yuwen 治世餘聞 (What I have heard about ruling the age). Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1997.Google Scholar

Renxi, Chen 陳仁錫. Babian leizuan 八編類纂 (Compilation by subject of eight compendia). 1626. SKJH.Google Scholar

Renxi, Chen. Huang Ming shifa lu 皇明世法錄 (Compendium of contemporary rules and regulations of the imperial Ming dynasty). Taipei: Taiwan xuesheng shuju, 1965.Google Scholar

Renxi, Chen. ed. Qiu Qiongshan xiansheng Daxue yanyi buzan yinghua 丘瓊山先生大學衍義補贊英華 (Essence of the Supplement to the Explications of the Great Learning by master Qiu Jun). SKWS.Google Scholar

Shou, Chen 陳壽. Sanguo zhi 三國志 (History of the Three Kingdoms). Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1959.Google Scholar

Zilong, Chen 陳子龍. Huang Ming jingshi wenbian 皇明經世文編 (Compilation of statecraft texts of the imperial Ming dynasty), 1638. SKJH.Google Scholar

Minzheng, Cheng 程敏政. Huangdun wenji 篁墩文集 (Collected writings of [Cheng] Huangdun). SKQS.Google Scholar

Couplet, Philippe. Confucius Sinarum philosophus, sive, Scientia sinensis latine exposita (Confucius philosopher of the Chinese, or Chinese knowledge, in Latin). Paris: Daniel Horthemels, 1687.Google Scholar

Couplet, Philippe. La Morale de Confucius, philosophe de la Chine. Amsterdam: Pierre Savouret, 1688.Google Scholar

Couplet, Philippe. The Morals of Confucius, a Chinese Philosopher. London: Randal Taylor, 1691.Google Scholar

Couplet, Philippe. Da Yuan shengzheng guochao dianzhang 大元聖政國朝典章 (National statutes of the sagely administration of the Yuan Great State). Taipei: Guoli gugong bowuyuan, 1976.Google Scholar

Liang, Dai 戴良. Jiuling shanfang ji 九靈山房集 (Collected writings from the Nine-Spirit Mountain Villa). Zhengtong ed. SBCK.Google Scholar

De Rachewiltz, Igor, trans. The Secret History of the Mongols: A Mongolian Epic Chronicle of the Thirteenth Century. Leiden: Brill, 2004.Google Scholar

Ding, Dong 董鼎. Shujizhuan jilu zuanzhu 書集傳輯錄纂注 (Compilation of annotations and collection of commentaries for the Book of Documents). 1318. Beijing: Beijing tushuguan chubanshe, 2006.Google Scholar

Wei, Dong 董煟. Jiuhuang huomin shu 救荒活民書 (Handbook on saving the people from famine). Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1985.Google Scholar

You, Du 杜佑. Tongdian 通典 (Comprehensive history of institutions), edited by Wenjin, Wang 王文錦 et al. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1988.Google Scholar

Xuanling, Fang 房玄齡. Jin shu 晉書 (History of the Jin dynasty). Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1974.Google Scholar

Hong, Ge 葛洪. Sheshi suibi 涉史隨筆 (Random reading notes of historical writings). SKQS.Google Scholar

Yanwu, Gu 顧炎武. Rizhi lu 日知錄 (Record of things learned day by day), edited by Wenshan, Xu 徐文珊. Taipei: Minglun, 1958.Google Scholar

Jing, Hao 郝經. Lingchuan wenji 陵川文集 (Collected writings of Lingchuan). 1317. BTGJZB.Google Scholar

Anguo, Hu 胡安國. Chunqiu Hushi zhuan 春秋胡氏傳 (Master Hu’s commentary on the Spring and Autumn Annals), 1137. Siku quanshu huiyao (1775) ed. Taipei: Shijie shuju, 1988. Also BCKXB.Google Scholar

Yin, Hu 胡寅. Du shi guanjian 讀史管見 (Perspectives from reading histories). XSQ.Google Scholar

Huai, Huang 黃淮 and Shiqi, Yang 楊士奇, eds. Lidai mingchen zouyi 歷代名臣奏議 (Collected memorials of outstanding officials of the past). 5 vols. Shanghai: Shanghai guji chubanshe, 1989.Google Scholar

Liuhong, Huang 黃六鴻. Translated by Chu Djang. A Complete Book Concerning Happiness and Benevolence, Fu-hui ch’üan-shu: A Manual for Local Magistrates in Seventeenth-Century China. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1984.Google Scholar

Xun, Huang 黃訓. Huang Ming mingchen jingji lu 皇明名臣經濟錄 (Compendium of statecraft writings by eminent officials of the imperial Ming), 1551, edited by Yuncheng, Wang 汪雲程. Harvard University Library, http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL:4678515.Google Scholar

James, I. The True Law of Free Monarchies and Basilikon Doron. Toronto: Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies, 1996.Google Scholar

Liuqi, Ji 計六奇. Mingji beilüe 明季北略 (Brief account of the northern border in the late Ming). Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1984.Google Scholar

Xuanweng, Jia. “Ti Zhongzhou shiji hou” 題中州詩集後 (A postscript to the collections of Central Dominion). In Yuan Haowen, Yishan xiansheng wenji, “fulu” 20a–21a.Google Scholar

Qingbo, Jiang 江慶柏, ed. Siku quanshu huiyao zongmu tiyao 四庫全書薈要總目提要 (Notes for the catalogue of the essentials of the Complete Library of the Four Treasuries). Beijing: Renmin wenxue chubanshe, 2009.Google Scholar

Hong, Jiao 焦竑. Yutang congyu 玉堂雜語 (Assorted comments from Jade Hall). Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1981.Google Scholar

Yingda, Kong 孔穎達. Shangshu zhengyi 尚書正義 (Correct meanings of the Book of Documents). Wuying dian 武英殿 ed. 1739.Google Scholar

Fengyuan, Lao 勞逢源. Shexian zhi 歙縣志 (Gazetteer of She County). 1828.Google Scholar

Fang, Li 李昉. Wenyuan yinghua 文苑英華 (Finest blossoms in the garden of literature). Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju, 1966Google Scholar

Jingde, Li 黎靖德, ed. Zhuzi yulei 朱子語類 (Master Zhu’s conversations, topically arranged). Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1986.Google Scholar

Long, Liu 劉龍. “Xin ke Lingchuan wenji xu” 新刻陵川文集序 (Preface to the new printing of Lingchuan wenji). In Hao Jing, Lingchuan wenji, 1a–4b.Google Scholar

Xu, Liu 劉昫. Jiu Tangshu 舊唐書 (Old history of the Tang dynasty). Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1975.Google Scholar

Zongyuan, Liu 柳宗元. Liu Zongyuan ji 柳宗元集 (Collected writings of Liu Zongyuan). 4 vols. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1979.Google Scholar

Rong, Lu 陸容. Shuyuan zaji 菽園雜記 (Miscellaneous notes from Bean Garden). Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1985.Google Scholar

Wang, Lü 呂望. Liu tao 六韜 (Six secret teachings). Reprinted in Wujing qishu 武經七書 (Seven military classics). Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 2007.Google Scholar

Zuqian, Lü 呂祖謙. Zuo shi boyi 左氏博議 (A discussion of the Zuo Tradition), edited by Nianfu, Chen 陳年福. In Lü Zuqian quanji 呂祖謙全集 (Complete collection of Lü Zuqian), 6. Hangzhou: Zhejiang guji chubanshe, 2008.Google Scholar

Duanlin, Ma 馬端臨. Wenxian tongkao 文獻通考 (Comprehensive examination of documents). Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 2011.Google Scholar

Machiavelli, Niccolò. The Prince, edited by Skinner, Quentin and Price, Russell. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019.Google Scholar

Qiling, Mao 毛奇齡. Xianghu shuili zhi 湘湖水利志 (Monograph on the hydrology of Lake Xiang). Qingdai shiwen ji huibian, 2010.Google Scholar

Qiling, Mao. Xihe wenji 西河集 (Collection from west of the river). Qingdai shiwen ji huibian, 2010.Google Scholar

Qiling, Mao. Xihe wenji 西河文集 (Collection from west of the river). Qingdai shiwen ji huibian 清代詩文集匯編, 2010.Google Scholar

Xiu, Ouyang 歐陽修. Xin Tang shu 新唐書 (New history of the Tang dynasty). Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1975.Google Scholar

Jiguang, Qi 戚繼光. Jixiao xinshu 紀效新書 (New treatise on military efficiency). Xinbei: Wuzhou chubanshe, 2014.Google Scholar

fuzhi, Qiongzhou. 瓊州府志 (Gazetteer of Qiongzhou prefecture). 1619.Google Scholar

Jun, Qiu 丘濬. Daxue yanyi bu 大學衍義補 (Supplement to Explications of the Great Learning). 1488. Copy in National Central Library, Taipei.Google Scholar

Jun, Qiu. Daxue yanyi bu 大學衍義補, edited by Guanqun, Lin 林冠群 and Jifu, Zhou 周济夫. 3 vols. Beijing: Jinghua chubanshe, 1999.Google Scholar

Jun, Qiu. Qiongtai leigao 瓊臺類稿 (Edited writings of Master Qiongtai). 1492.Google Scholar

Jun, Qiu. Shishi zhenggang 世史正綱 (Orthodox bonds in history). In Qiu Wenzhuang gong congshu 丘文莊公叢書, vol. 2. Taipei: Qiu Wenzhuang gong congshu jiyin weiyuanhui, 1972.Google Scholar

Jun, Qiu. Wen Gong jiali yijie 文公家禮儀節 (The etiquette of Master Zhu’s Family Rituals). 1474. SKCM.Google Scholar

Selden, John. The Historie of Tithes. London: [William Stansby], 1618.Google Scholar

Selden, John. Table-Talk: Being the Discourses of John Selden Esq., edited by Milward, Robert. London: E. Smith, 1689.Google Scholar

Defu, Shen 沈德符. Wanli yehuo bian 萬曆野獲編 (Unofficial miscellaneous notes of the Wanli era). Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1959.Google Scholar

Gua, Shen 沈括. Mengxi bitan 夢溪筆談 (Dream pool essays). Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 2015.Google Scholar

Jie, Shi 石介. Culai Shi xiansheng wenji 徂徠石先生文集 (Collected essays of Master Shi Culai), edited by Zhie, Chen 陳植鍔. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1984.Google Scholar

Guang, Sima司馬光. Zizhi tongjian 資治通鑑 (Comprehensive mirror for the aid of government), edited by Sanxing, Hu 胡三省. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1956.Google Scholar

Guang, Sima 司馬光. Shi ji 史記 (Records of the historian). Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1975.Google Scholar

Lian, Song 宋濂. Yuan shi 元史 (History of the Yuan dynasty). Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1976.Google Scholar

Yingxing, Song 宋應星. Tiangong kaiwu yizhu 天工開物譯注 (The exploitation of the Works of Nature in annotated translation), translated and annotated by Pan Jixing 潘吉星.Shanghai: Shanghai guji chubanshe, 2016.Google Scholar

Yingxing, Song. Yeyi 野議 (Unofficial commentaries). Shanghai: Shanghai renmin chubanshe, 1976.Google Scholar

Shi, Su 蘇軾. Jingjin Dongpo wenji shilüe 經進東坡文集事略 (Selected essays by Master Su Shi, for the Emperor), edited by Lang Ye 郎曄. XSQ.Google Scholar

Tianjue, Su 蘇天爵. Zixi wengao 滋溪文稿 (Collected drafts of Zixi). SKQS.Google Scholar

Tasan, 茶山 (Chong Yagyong 丁若鏞). Humhum sinso 欽欽新書 (New book of penal moderation). 1822.Google Scholar

Biao, Wan 萬表. Huang Ming jingji wenlu 皇明經濟文録 (Compendium of statecraft documents of the imperial Ming). 1554. SKJH.Google Scholar

Kentang, Wang 王肯堂. Shenxing shuo 慎刑說 (On being cautious in applying punishments). 1612.Google Scholar

Mingde, Wang 王明德. Dulü peixi 讀律佩觿 (Handy guide for reading the Code). Beijing: Falü chubanshe, 2000.Google Scholar

Minghe, Wang 王鳴鶴. Dengtan bijiu 登壇必究 (Essential readings for ascending the altar), 1599. XSQ.Google Scholar

Qi, Wang 王圻. Xu Wenxian tongkao 續文獻通考 (Supplement to Comprehensive Examination of Literatures). Taipei: Wenhai chubanshe, 1979.Google Scholar

Shiqiao, Wang 王士翹. Shenxing lu 慎刑錄 (On using caution in applying punishments). 1550.Google Scholar

Shizhen, Wang 王士禎. Yanshan tang bieji 弇山堂別集 (Further collection from Yanshan Hall). Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1985.Google Scholar

Shou, Wei 魏收. Wei shu 魏書 (History of the Wei dynasty). Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1963.Google Scholar

Su, Wei 危素. Wei xueshi quanji 危學士全集 (Complete writings of Academician Wei). 1758. SKCM.Google Scholar

Ne, Wu 吳訥. Xiangxing yaolan 祥刑要覽 (Essential readings for administering auspicious punishments). 1442.Google Scholar

Zhefu, Wu 吳哲夫, ed. Siku quanshu buzheng: zibu 四庫全書補正: 子部 (Supplements and corrections for the Comprehensive Library of the Four Treasuries: philosophy section). Taipei: Taiwan shangwu yinshuguan, 1999.Google Scholar

Zhefu, Wu, Siku quanshu huiyao zuanxiu kao 四庫全書薈要纂修考 (Study of the compilation and editing of the Essentials of the Complete Library of the Four Treasuries). Taipei: Guoli gugong bowuyuan, 1976.Google Scholar

Guangqi, Xu 徐光啓. Nongzheng quanshu 農政全書 (Complete handbook on agricultural administration). Shanghai: Guji chubanshe, 1979.Google Scholar

Guangqi, Xu. Xu Guangqi ji 徐光啓集 (Collected writings of Xu Guangqi). Shanghai: Guji chubanshe, 1984.Google Scholar

Heng, Xu 許衡. Luzhai yishu 魯齋遺書 (Surviving writings from Lu Studio). 1596. BTGJZB.Google Scholar

Youren, Xu 許有壬. Zhizheng ji 至正集 (Writings from the Zhizheng era). BTGJZB.Google Scholar

Shi, Ye 葉適. Ye Shi ji 葉適集 (Collected writings of Ye Shi). Beijing: Xinhua shudian, 1961.Google Scholar

shilu, Yingzong 英宗實錄 (Veritable records of Emperor Yingzong’s reign). Taipei: Zhongyang yanjiuyuan lishi yuyan yanjiusuo, 1961–66.Google Scholar

永瑢, Yongrong, and 紀昀, Ji Yun, eds. Siku quanshu zongmu 四庫全書總目 (Complete catalogue of the Complete Library of the Four Treasuries). Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1965.Google Scholar

, Yongrong and , Ji Yun, eds. Siku quanshu zongmu tiyao 四庫全書總矮提要 (Complete catalogue of the Complete Library of the Four Treasuries, with annotations and abstracts). Taipei: Shangwu yinshuguan, 1970.Google Scholar

Haowen, Yuan 元好問. Yishan xiansheng wenji 遺山先生文集 (Collected essays of Master Yishan). 1498, SBCK.Google Scholar

Ruoshui, Zhan 湛若水. Gewu tong 格物通 (A comprehensive companion for investigating things). SKQS.Google Scholar

Han, Zhang 張瀚. Huang Ming shuyi jilüe 皇明疏議輯略 (Selected memorials of the Ming dynasty). 1551. XSQ.Google Scholar

Huang, Zhang 章潢. Tushu bian 圖書編 (The documentarium). 1613.Google Scholar

Tingyu, Zhang 張廷玉. Ming shi 明史 (History of the Ming dynasty). Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1975.Google Scholar

Xueyan, Zhang 張學顏. Wanli kuaiji lu 萬曆會計錄 (Record of accounts of the Wanli era). BTGJZB.Google Scholar

Shizhen, Zhao 趙士楨. Shenqi pu 神器譜 (Firearms manual). Shanghai: Shanghai shehui kexueyuan chubanshe, 2006.Google Scholar

Dexiu, Zhen 真德秀. Daxue yanyi 大學衍義 (Explications of the Great Learning). SKQS.Google Scholar

Jiefu, Zheng 鄭介夫. “Taiping ce” 太平策 (A policy proposal for greatt peace). In Huang Huai and Yang Shiqi, eds., Lidai mingchen zouyi, 67.1a–49b, 68.1a–17a.Google Scholar

Xi, Zhu 朱熹. Hui’an xiansheng Zhu Wengong wenji 晦庵先生朱文公文集 (Collected writings of the Master of Hui’an, Zhu Xi), edited by Liu Yongxiang 劉永翔 and Zhu Youwen 朱幼文. 6 vols. ZZQS.Google Scholar

Xi, Zhu. Sishu huowen 四書或問 (Questions and answers about the Four Books), edited by Kun, Huang 黃坤. ZZQS.Google Scholar

Xi, Zhu. Sishu zhangju jizhu 四書章句集注 (Collected commentaries on the Four Books). Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1983.Google Scholar

Xi, Zhu. Zizhi tongjian gangmu 資治通鑑綱目 (An outline of the Comprehensive mirror for the aid of government), edited by Yan Wenru 嚴文儒. 4 vols. ZZQS.Google Scholar

Xi, Zhu. Zhuzi yulei 朱子語類 (Categorized sayings of Zhu Xi). See Li Jingde.Google Scholar

Yuanzhang, Zhu 朱元璋. Ming taizu ji 明太祖集 (Writings of the founding emperor of the Ming), edited by Hu, Shi’e 胡士萼. Hefei: Huangshan shushe, 1991.Google Scholar

Andenmatten, Anne-Angélique. Les “Emblèmes” d’André Alciat. Bern: Peter Lang, 2017.10.3726/978-3-0343-2627-8CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Andrade, Tonio. The Gunpower Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2016.10.2307/j.ctvc77j74CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Atwell, William S. “Volcanism and Short-Term Climatic Change in East Asian and World History, c. 1200–1699.” Journal of World History 12, no. 1 (2001): 29–98.10.1353/jwh.2001.0002CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Birge, Bettine. “Law of the Liao, Jin, and Yuan and Its Impact on the Chinese Legal Tradition.” In Zhongguoshi xinlun: falü fence: Zhongguo chuantong falü wenhua zhi xingcheng yu zhuanbian 中國史新論－法侓史分冊: 中國傳統法侓文化之形成與轉變 (New perspectives on Chinese history – legal history: the formation and transformation of traditional Chinese legal culture), edited by Liyan, Liu 柳立言, 443–503. Taipei: Lianjing chuban gongsi, 2008.Google Scholar

Birge, Bettine. Marriage and the Law in the Age of Khubilai Khan: Cases from the Yuan dianzhang. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2017.10.4159/9780674978164CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bol, Peter K. Localizing Learning: The Literati Enterprise in Wuzhou, 1100–1600. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, 2022.10.2307/jj.17331658CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bol, Peter K. Neo-Confucianism in History. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, 2008.Google Scholar

Bol, Peter K. “This Culture of Ours”: Intellectual Transitions in T’ang and Sung China. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1992.Google Scholar

Bourgon, Jérôme. “Aux fondements dogmatiques de la responsabilité en droit chinois: L’empereur ‘aimant la vie’ et ‘gestionnaire du monde’.” In Prendre la responsabilité au sérieux, edited by Supiot, Alain and Delmas-Marty, Mireille, 83–100. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2015.10.3917/puf.delma.2015.03.0083CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bourgon, Jérôme. “‘Ceux qui ont été exécutés ne peuvent être ressuscités’: Heurs et malheurs de l’abolitionnisme dans la Chine impériale.” Beccaria: Revue d’histoire du droit de punir 1 (2015): 7–29.Google Scholar

Bourgon, Jérôme. “Des châtiments bien tempérés: La devise shenxing 慎刑 dans les manuels pour fonctionnaires.” Études chinoises 35, no. 1 (2016): 41–72.10.3406/etchi.2016.1560CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bourgon, Jérôme. “Fictions légales et réalités militaires: Les lois de la partie ‘Armées’ dans le code pénal des Qing.” In Guerre et Droit, edited by Baechler, Jean and Delvolvé, Pierre, 41–54. Paris: Hermann, 2017.10.3917/herm.bazen.2017.01.0041CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bourgon, Jérôme. “‘Sauver la vie’: De la fraude judiciaire en Chine à la fin de l’empire.” Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales 133 (2000): 32–39.10.3406/arss.2000.2676CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brook, Timothy. The Chinese State in Ming Society. London: Routledge Curzon, 2005.10.4324/9780203311332CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brook, Timothy. The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998.10.1525/9780520924079CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brook, Timothy. Great State: China and the World. New York: HarperCollins, 2020.Google Scholar

Brook, Timothy. “Nine Sloughs: Profiling the Climate History of the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, 1260–1644.” Journal of Chinese History 1, no. 1 (2017): 27–58.10.1017/jch.2016.25CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brook, Timothy. The Price of Collapse: The Little Ice Age and the Fall of Ming China. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2023.Google Scholar

Brook, Timothy. The Troubled Empire: China in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010.10.4159/9780674056206CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brook, Timothy. “What Happens When Wang Yangming Crosses a Border?” In The Chinese State at the Borders, edited by Lary, Diana, 74–90. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2007.Google Scholar

Brook, Timothy, van Walt, Michael, and Boltjes, Miek, eds., Sacred Mandates: Asian International Relations since Chinggis Khan. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018.10.7208/chicago/9780226562933.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Xun, Cao 曹循. “Mingdai liangjing wuxue de huiju” 明代兩京武學的會舉 (The comprehensive examinations in the military schools in the two capitals in the Ming dynasty). Lishi dang’an 1 (2018): 68–73.Google Scholar

Cazals, Géraldine. “Les juristes et la naissance de l’emblématique au temps de la Renaissance.” Revue d’histoire des facultés de droit et de la culture juridique 33 (2013): 37–124.Google Scholar

Chan, Alan H. L., and Tan, Sor-hoon, eds. Filial Piety in Chinese Thought and History. London: Routledge Curzon, 2004.10.4324/9780203413883CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chan, Hok-lam. “Comprehensiveness (t’ung) and Change (pien) in Ma Tuan-Lin’s Historical Thought.” In Yüan Thought: Chinese Thought and Religion under the Mongols, edited by Chan, Hok-Lam and Theodore de Bary, Wm, 27–87. New York: Columbia University Press, 1982.Google Scholar

Chan, Hok-lam. “Hsu Heng.” In In the Service of the Khan: Eminent Personalities of the Early Mongol-Yüan Period (1200–1300), edited by de Rachewiltz, Igor, 416–47. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1993.Google Scholar

Chang, Hao. “On the Ching-shih Ideal in Neo-Confucianism.” Ch’ing-shih wen-t’i 3, no. 1 (1974): 36–61.Google Scholar

Ch’en, Paul Heng-chao. The Formation of the Early Meiji Legal Order: The Japanese Code of 1871 and its Chinese Foundation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981.Google Scholar

Dengwu, Chen 陳登武. Cong renjianshi dao youmingjie: Tangdai de fazhi, shehui yu guojia 從人間世到幽冥界: 唐代的法制，社會與國家 (From the human world to the underworld: the Tang legal system, society, and the state). Taipei: Wunan tushuguan chuban, 2006.Google Scholar

Feng, Chen 陳鋒. “Ming shi zhi jian: Wan Qing ‘caizheng’ ciyu de yinjin yu caizheng biange” 名實之間: 晚清 “財政”詞語的引進與財政變革 (Between name and reality: the introduction of the term “financial administration” and changes in finance in the late Qing). Paper presented at the conference “Ming-Qing lishi yu jindai shijie” 明清历史与近代世界 (Ming-Qing history and the modern world), Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, November 2–5, 2023.Google Scholar

Guying, Chen 陳鼓應 et al. Ming Qing shixue sichao shi 明清實學思潮史 (History of trends in concrete learning during the Ming and Qing). Jinan: Qi-Lu shushe, 1989.Google Scholar

Cheng, Anne. “Filial Piety with a Vengeance: The Tension between Rites and Law in the Han.” In Filial Piety in Chinese Thought and History, edited by Chan, Alan Kam-leung and Tan, Sor-hoon, 29–43. London: Routledge Curzon, 2004.Google Scholar

Chen-Hung, Chu 朱振宏. “Lun Zhenguan shisan nian (639) ‘Jiucheng gong shijian’ jiqi yingxiang 論貞觀十三年 (639) 九成宮事件及其影響 (On the Jiucheng Incident of 639 and its influence). Taiwan shida lishi xuebao 43 (2010): 49–88.Google Scholar

Hung-lam, Chu 朱鴻林. “Ch’iu Chün (1421–1495) and the Ta-Hsueh Yen-I Pu: Statecraft Thought in Fifteenth-Century China.” PhD diss., Princeton University, 1983.Google Scholar

Hung-lam, Chu “Ch’iu Chün’s Ta-Hsüeh Yen-I Pu and Its Influence in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries.” Ming Studies 22 (1986): 1–32.Google Scholar

Hung-lam, Chu “Intellectual Trends in the Fifteenth Century.” Ming Studies 27 (1989): 1–33.Google Scholar

Hung-lam, Chu “Qiu Jun yu Chenghua yuan nian (1465) Dateng Xia zhi yi de guanxi” 丘濬與成化元年 (1465) 大藤峽之役的關係 (Qiu Jun and the Battle of the Grand Ratten Gorge of 1465). Zhongguo wenhua yanjiusuo xuebao 中國文化研究所學報 47 (2007): 115–34.Google Scholar

Hung-lam, Chu “Qiu Jun Zhuzi xue di yu Song Yuan Ming chu Zhuzi xue de xiangguan wenti” 丘濬朱子學的與宋元明初朱子學的相關問題 (The Target of Master Zhu’s Learning by Qiu Jun, in relation to a few issues about Master Zhu’s learning in the Song-Yuan-Early Ming period); “Zhuzi xuedi de liuchuan yu pingjia” 朱子學的的流傳與評價 (The circulation and assessments of the Target of Master Zhu’s Learning). In Ruzhe sixiang yu chuchu, 177–204, 205–26.Google Scholar

Hung-lam, Chu Ruzhe sixiang yu chuchu 儒者思想與出處 (The thought of Confucians and their sociopolitical engagement). Beijing: Sanlian shudian, 2015.Google Scholar

Ch’ü, T’ung-Tsu. Law and Society in Traditional China. Paris: Mouton, 1961.Google Scholar

Constant, Frédéric, trad. Traité juridique du livre des Jin. Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 2024.Google Scholar

Creel, Herrlee. Shen Pu-hai: A Chinese Political Philosopher of the Fourth Century BC. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974.Google Scholar

Dai, Lianbin. “The Ming State and Neo-Confucian Thinking Behind Kaifeng Jewry’s Biculturalism.” Studies in Chinese Religions 10, no. 2 (2024): 151–80.10.1080/23729988.2024.2379693CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dalarun, Jacques. Gouverner c’est servir. Paris: Alma, 2012.Google Scholar

Dalby, Michael. “Revenge and the Law in Traditional China.” The American Journal of Legal History 25 (1981): 267–307.10.2307/845275CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dardess, John. More than the Great Wall: The Northern Frontier and Ming National Security, 1368–1644. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2020.Google Scholar

De Bary, W. Theodore. “Individualism and Humanitarianism in Late Ming Thought.” In Self and Society in Ming Thought, edited by de Bary, W. Theodore, 145–247. New York: Columbia University Press, 1970.Google Scholar

De Bary, W. Theodore, trans. Waiting for the Dawn: A Plan for the Prince: Huang Tsung-hsi’s Ming-i dai-fang lu. New York: Columbia University Press, 1993.Google Scholar

De Heer, Philip. The Care-taker Emperor: Aspects of the Imperial Institution in Fifteenth-Century China as Reflected in the Political History of the Reign of Chu Ch’i-yü. Leiden: Brill, 1986.10.1163/9789004482968CrossRefGoogle Scholar

De Weerdt, Hilde. “Neo-Confucian Philosophy and Genre.” In Dao Companion to Neo-Confucian Philosophy, edited by Makeham, John, 223–48. New York: Springer, 2010.Google Scholar

Deng, Kent Gang. “Imperial China under the Song and Late Qing.” In Fiscal Regimes and the Political Economy of Premodern States, edited by Monson, Andrew and Scheidel, Walter, 308–42. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.Google Scholar

Xiaonan, Deng 鄧小南. Songdai wenguan xuanren zhidu zhu cengmian 宋代文官選任制度諸層面 (Dimensions of the Song dynasty civil official appointment system). Beijing: Jiaoyu chubanshe, 1994.Google Scholar

Xiaonan, Deng. “Xining si nian ‘Quanshi fa’ shiliao bijiao yu jiaozheng.” 熙寧四年 銓試法 史料的比較與校正 (The 1071 law of official selection and evaluation: a comparative study and textual collation). Guji zhengli yanjiu xuekan 古籍整理研究學刊 2 (1997): 38–42.Google Scholar

Des Rotours, Robert. Le Traité des examens. Paris: E. Leroux, 1932.Google Scholar

Di Cosmo, Nicola. “The Northern Frontier in Pre-Imperial China.” In The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 B.C., edited by Loewe, Michael and Shaughnessy, Edward L., 885–966. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.10.1017/CHOL9780521470308.015CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Du, Yue. State and Family in China: Filial Piety and Its Modern Reform. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022.Google Scholar

Dunstan, Helen. “A Different Trajectory: Market-Consciousness in Chinese Political Economy, 800–1800.” Journal of Chinese History 4 (2020): 55–83.10.1017/jch.2019.21CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Durrant, Stephen, Li, Wai-yee, and Schaberg, David, trans. Zuo Tradition/Zuozhuan: Commentary on the “Spring and Autumn Annals.” 3 vols. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2016.Google Scholar

Ebrey, Patricia Buckley. Confucianism and Family Rituals in Imperial China: A Social History of Writing about Rites. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991.10.1515/9781400862351CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Elman, Benjamin A. A Cultural History of Civil Examinations in Late Imperial China. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000.10.1525/9780520921474CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Elman, Benjamin A. “Scholarship and Politics: Chuang Ts’un-yü and the Rise of the Ch’ang-chou New Text School in Late Imperial China.” Late Imperial China 7, no. 1 (1986): 63–86.10.1353/late.1986.0009CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Elman, Benjamin A., and Kern, Martin. Statecraft and Classical Learning: The Rituals of Zhou in East Asian History. Leiden: Brill, 2010.10.1163/ej.9789004177499.i-446CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Epstein, Maram. Orthodox Passions: Narrating Filial Love during the High Qing. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, 2019.Google Scholar

Hua, Fan 樊鏵. Chengshi, shichang, haiyun 城市、市場、海運 (Cities, markets, and maritime transport). Beijing: Xueyuan chubanshe, 2008.Google Scholar

Chenghua, Fang 方震華. “Lixiang bingzhi de xingsu: Tang Song shiqi de bingnong heyi lun” 理想兵制的形塑：唐宋時期的兵農合一論 (Shaping an ideal military system: the uniting of farmers and soldiers in the Tang and Song periods). In Jidiao yu bianzou: qi zhi ershi shiji de Zhongguo lunwenji 基調與變奏:七至二十世紀的中國論文集 (The keynote and its variations: collected essays on seventh-twentieth-century China), edited by Huang Kuanzhong 黃寬重 3 (2008), 85–105.Google Scholar

Fang, Jun. “A Ming Minister’s Advice on Controlling and Selecting Military Commanders.” Journal of Chinese Military History 11, no. 1 (2022): 56–92.10.1163/22127453-bja10012CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fang, Jun. “Literati Statecraft and Military Resistance during the Ming-Qing Transition: The Case of the Possibility Society (Jishe).” The Chinese Historical Review 19, no. 2 (2012): 87–106.10.1179/12Z.0000000005CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Zhongyi, Fan 范中義. “Qiu Jun de junshi sixiang” 邱濬的軍事思想 (Qiu Jun’s military thinking). Junshi lishi 2 (2017): 52–58.Google Scholar

Farmer, Edward. Zhu Yuanzhang and Early Ming Legislation: The Reordering of Chinese Society following the Era of Mongol Rule. Leiden: Brill, 1995.10.1163/9789004489158CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Felt, D. Jonathan. Structures of the Earth: Metageographies of Early Medieval China. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, 2021.Google Scholar

Filipiak, Kai. “The Effects of Civil Officials Handling Military Affairs in Ming Times.” Ming Studies 66 (2012): 1–15.10.1179/0147037X12Z.0000000001CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Franke, Wolfgang. An Introduction to the Sources of Ming History. Kuala Lumpur University of Malaya Press, 1968.Google Scholar

Fu, Marilyn Wong. “The Impact of the Re-Unification: Northern Elements in the Life and Art of Hsien-Yu Shu (1257?–1302) and Their Relation to Early Yuan Literati Culture.” In China under Mongol Rule, edited by Langlois, John, 371–433. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1981.10.1515/9781400854097.371CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gardner, Daniel K. Chu Hsi and the Ta Hsueh: Neo Confucian Reflection on the Confucian Canon. Cambridge, MA: Council on East Asian Studies, 1986.Google Scholar

Zhaoguang, Ge 葛兆光. “Dui ‘Tianxia’ de xiangxiang: yige wutuobang xiangxiang beihou de zhengzhi, sixiang yu xueshu.” 對天下的想像一個烏托邦想像背後的政治、思想與學術 (Imagining “All-under-Heaven” – the political, philosophical, and scholastic background of a utopian imagination). In Lishi Zhongguo de nei yu wai: you guan “Zhongguo” yu “zhoubian” gainian de zai chengqing 歷史中國的內與外: 有關中國與周邊概念的再澄清 (The inside and outside of historical China: a reclarification of the concepts of “China” and its “borders”), 131–98. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 2017.Google Scholar

Zhaoguang, Ge. Zhaizi Zhongguo: Chongjian youguan “Zhongguo” de lishi lunshu 宅兹中国: 重建有关中国的历史论述 (Here in “China” I dwell: reconstructing historical discourses of China for our time). Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 2011.Google Scholar

Gilbert, S. R. “Mengzi’s Art of War: The Kangxi Emperor Reforms the Qing Military Examinations.” In Military Culture in Imperial China, edited by Di Cosmo, Nicola, 243–56. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009.Google Scholar

Girard, Rene and Gregory, Patrick, trans. Violence and the Sacred. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1977.10.56021/9780801819636CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Golas, Peter. “The Sung Financial Administration.” In The Cambridge History of China, vol. 5, Sung Dynasty (960-1279), Part II, edited by Chaffee, John and Twitchett, Denis, 139–213. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.Google Scholar

Goodrich, L Carrington and Fang, Chaoying, eds. Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368–1644. 2 vols. New York: Columbia University Press, 1976.Google Scholar

Graff, David A. Medieval Chinese Warfare, 300–900. London: Routledge, 2002.Google Scholar

Grass, Noa. “Revenue as a Measure for Expenditure: Ming State Finance before the Age of Silver.” PhD diss., University of British Columbia, 2015.Google Scholar

Hou’an, Guo 郭厚安. Hongzhi huangdi dazhuan 弘治皇帝大傳 (Comprehensive biography of Emperor Hongzhi). Shenyang: Liaoning jiaoyu chubanshe, 1994.Google Scholar

Guy, R. Kent. The Emperor’s Four Treasuries: Scholars and the State in the Late Ch’ien-lung Era. Cambridge, MA: Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University, 1987.Google Scholar

Guy, R. Kent. “Fang Pao and the Ch’in-ting Ssu-shu-wen.” In Education and Society in Late Imperial China, edited by Elman, Benjamin and Woodside, Alexander, 150–82. Berkeley: University of California, 1994.Google Scholar

Chi-ching, Hsiao 蕭啟慶. Jiuzhou sihai fengya tong: Yuan dai duo zu shiren quan de xingcheng yu fazhan 九州四海風雅同: 元代多族士人圈的形成與發展 (Different backgrounds, shared tradition: the formation and evolution of the Yuan literati world of different ethnic origins). Taipei: Zhongyang yanjiuyuan/Lianjing, 2012.Google Scholar

Jichuang, Hu 胡寄窗. Zhongguo jingji sixiang shi 中國經濟思想史 (History of Chinese economic thought). Shanghai: Shanghai renmin chubanshe, 1998.Google Scholar

Moujun, Huang 黃謀軍. “Mingdai wuxue shizhi shijian kaobian” 明代武學始置時間考辨 (An examination of the establishment of the Ming military schools). Mudanjiang daxue xuebao 25, no. 2 (2016): 20–23.Google Scholar

Huang, Ray. “The Ming Fiscal Administration.” In The Cambridge History of China, vol. 8, edited by Mote, Frederick and Twitchett, Denis, 106–71. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.Google Scholar

Huang, Ray. Taxation and Governmental Finance in Sixteenth-Century Ming China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1974.Google Scholar

Arthur W, Hummel ed. Eminent Chinese of the Ch’ing Period (1644–1912). 2 vols. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1943–44.Google Scholar

Cunfu, Huo 霍存福. “Dui Zhongguo gudai fuchou an de zhu fenxi” 對中國古代復仇案的諸分析 (Analysis of some revenge cases in premodern China). In Falüshi lunji 法律史論集 (Essays of legal history), vol. 2, edited by Yanlong, Han 韓延龍: 1–47. Beijing: Falü chubanshe, 1999.Google Scholar

Yonglin, Jiang, trans. The Great Ming Code: Da Ming lü 大明律. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2005.Google Scholar

Johnston, Alistair Iain. Cultural Realism: Strategic Culture and Grand Strategy in Chinese History. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995.10.1515/9780691213149CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Yōhei, Kakinuma 柿沼陽平. “Money, Markets, and Merchants.” In The Cambridge Economic History of China, vol. 1: To 1800, edited by Ma, Debin and von Glahn, Richard, 131–65. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022.Google Scholar

Kerrigan, John. Revenge Tragedy: Aeschylus to Armageddon. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996.Google Scholar

Khosravi, Shahram, ed. Waiting: A Project in Conversation. New York: Columbia University Press, 2021.Google Scholar

Kroll, Paul W. A Student’s Dictionary of Classical and Medieval Chinese. Leiden: Brill, 2015.Google Scholar

Kuhn, Philip A. Origins of the Modern Chinese State. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004.Google Scholar

Kuroda, Akinobu 黑田明伸. A Global History of Money. London, Routledge, 2020.10.4324/9781003016205CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kuroda, Akinobu “The Monetary System.” In The Cambridge Economic History of China, vol. 1: To 1800, edited by Ma, Debin and von Glahn, Richard, 560–96. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022.Google Scholar

Kutcher, Norman. Mourning in Late Imperial China: Filial Piety and the State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.10.1017/CBO9780511572746CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jiancheng, Lai 賴建誠. Bianzhen liangxiang: Mingdai zhonghouqi de bianfang jingfei yu guojia caizheng weiji, 1531-1602 邊鎮糧餉：明代中後期的邊防經費與國家財政危機，1531–1602 (Northern border defense and state financial crisis in the mid-Ming dynasty). Taipei: Lianjing chubanshe, 2008.Google Scholar

Lamouroux, Christian and von Glahn, Richard. “Public Finance.” In The Cambridge Economic History of China, vol. 1: To 1800, edited by Ma, Debin and von Glahn, Richard, 340–80. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022.Google Scholar

Landry-Deron, Isabelle. La Preuve par la Chine: La “Description” de J.-B. Du Halde, Jésuite, 1735. Paris: EHESS, 2002.Google Scholar

Lean, Eugenia. Public Passions: The Trial of Shi Jianqiao and the Rise of Popular Sympathy in Republican China. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007.Google Scholar

Cheuk-yin, Lee (Li Zhuoran 李焯然). “Ch’iu Chün (1421–1495) and His Views on Government and History.” PhD diss., Australian National University, 1984.Google Scholar

Cheuk-yin, Lee Qiu Jun pingzhuan 丘濬評傳 (Critical biography of Qiu Jun). Nanjing: Nanjing daxue chubanshe, 2005.Google Scholar

Legge, James, trans. The Chinese Classics, vol. 1: Confucian Analects; The Doctrine of the Mean; The Great Learning. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1960.Google Scholar

Legge, James, trans. The Chinese Classics, vol. 2: The Life and Teachings of Mencius. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1960.Google Scholar

Legge, James, trans. The Chinese Classics, vol. 3: The Shoo King, or the Book of Historical Documents. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1892.Google Scholar

Legge, James, trans. The Li Ki. The Sacred Books of the East, vols. 27–28. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1885.Google Scholar

Dong, Leng 冷東. “Mingdai huanguan zhidu shulüe” 明代宦官監軍制度述略 (Brief account of the system of military supervision by Ming eunuchs). Shantou daxue xuebao 3 (1994): 36–43.Google Scholar

Lewis, Mark Edward. China’s Cosmopolitan Empire: The Tang Dynasty. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009.10.4159/9780674054196CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lewis, Mark Edward. Sanctioned Violence in Early China. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1990.Google Scholar

Du, Li 李渡. “Mingdai jianjun zhidu shulun” 明代監軍制度述論 (On the Ming system of army supervision). Wenshizhe 2 (2010): 137–46.Google Scholar

Fanghao, Li 李方昊. “Mingchao neige yu wenchen tongjun” 明朝内閣與文臣統軍 (The Ming Grand Secretariat and the use of civil officials to command the military). Heilongjiang dang’an 2 (2008): 69–70.Google Scholar

Feng, Li. Early China: A Social and Cultural History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.10.1017/CBO9781139034395CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Longxian, Li 李隆獻. Fuchouguan de xingcha yu quanshi, vol. 1: Xian-Qin liang-Han Wei-Jin-Nan-Bei-chao Sui-Tang bian 復仇觀的省察與詮釋: 先秦兩漢魏晉南北隋唐編 (Reflections and interpretations of revenge: from the Pre-Qin through the Tang). Taipei: Guoli Taiwan daxue chuban zhongxin, 2012.Google Scholar

Longxian, Li Fuchouguan de xingcha yu quanshi, vol. 2: Song-Yuan-Ming-Qing bian 復仇觀的省察與詮釋: 宋元明清編 (Reflections and interpretations of revenge: from the Song through the Qing). Taipei: Guoli Taiwan daxue chuban zhongxin, 2015.Google Scholar

Mengzhi, Li 李夢之. Hongzhi di 弘治帝 (Emperor Hongzhi). Changchun: Jilin wenshi chubanshe, 1996.Google Scholar

Qingyong, Li 李慶勇. “Ming Xuanzong pingding Gaoxu zhiluan yuanyin tanxi” 明宣宗平定高煦之亂原因探析 (An examination of Emperor Xuanzong’s pacification of the Gao Xu rebellion). Wenzhou daxue xuebao 24, no. 1 (2011): 99–104.Google Scholar

Wei, Li 李巍. “‘Huang Ming mingchen jingji lu’ yanjiu” 皇明名臣經濟錄研究 (A study of Compendium of statecraft for aiding people by eminent officials of the imperial Ming). MA thesis, Zhongyang minzu daxue, 2011.Google Scholar

Yinxiang, Li 李銀祥 and Changhua, Wu 巫昌華. “Sun Quan junshi sixiang yanjiu” 孫權軍事思想研究 (A study of Sun Quan’s military thought). Junshi lishi 4 (2020): 66–70.Google Scholar

Zhuoran, Li. See Lee Cheuk-yin.Google Scholar

Fangzhong, Liang 梁方仲. Liang Fangzhong jingji shi lunwen ji 梁方仲經濟史論文集 (Liang Fangzhong’s essays on economic history). Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1989.Google Scholar

Liao, W. K., trans. The Complete Works of Han Fei Tzu: A Classic of Chinese Legalism. 2 vols. London: Arthur Probsthain, 1939.Google Scholar

Baochun, Lin 林保淳. Jingshi sixiang yu wenxue jingshi: Ming mo Qing chu jingshi wenlun yanjiu 經世思想與文學經世：明末清初經世文論研究 (Statecraft thought and literary statecraft: studies on statecraft writings of the late Ming and early Qing). Taipei: Wenjin chubanshe, 1991.Google Scholar

Guanqun, Lin 林冠群. “Qiu Jun he tade Daxue yanyibu” 邱濬和他的《大學衍義補》 (Qiu Jun and his Supplement to the Great Learning). 2 pts. Xin dongfang 新東方 5 (1995): 42–48; Xin dongfang 6 (1995): 43–49.Google Scholar

Xiusheng, Liu 劉秀生. “Lun Mingdai de dufu” 論明代的督撫 (On Ming governors). Zhongguo shehui kexueyuan yanjiusheng xueyuan xuebao 2 (1991): 18–25.Google Scholar

Liu, William Guanglin. The Chinese Market Economy, 1000–1500. Albany: SUNY Press, 2015.Google Scholar

Lo, Winston Wan. The Life and Times of Yeh Shih. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1974.Google Scholar

Lorge, Peter A. Chinese Martial Arts: From Antiquity to the Twenty-First Century. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012.Google Scholar

Songyue, Lu 鲁嵩岳. Shen xingxian dianping: zhiguo ping tianxia zhi yao 慎刑憲點評: 治国平天下之要 (Institutions of penal moderation, punctuated and expounded: the principles for ruling the state and pacifying the world). Beijing: Falü chubanshe, 1998.Google Scholar

Dongyang, Luo 羅冬陽. “Mingdai bingbei chutan” 明代兵備初探 (Preliminary discussion on military preparedness in the Ming dynasty). Dongbei shida xuebao 1 (1994): 15–21.Google Scholar

Lynn, Richard J. “Hao Ching.” In In the Service of the Khan: Eminent Personalities of the Early Mongol-Yüan Period (1200–1300), edited by de Rachewiltz, Igor, 348–70. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1993.Google Scholar

Lan, Mao 毛藍. “Qiantan Liu Daxia de junshi sixiang yu zhihe zhuzhang” 淺論劉大夏的軍事思想與治河主張 (A brief discussion of Liu Daxia’s military thought and the Yellow River conservancy). Chongqing keji xueyuan xuebao 15 (2012).Google Scholar

McDermott, Joseph P. “Merchants and Commercial Networks.” In The Cambridge Economic History of China, vol. 1: To 1800, edited by Ma, Debin and von Glahn, Richard, 597–636. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022.10.1017/9781108587334.018CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McKnight, Brian. “From Statute to Precedent: An Introduction to Sung Law and Its Transformation.” In Law and the State in Traditional East Asia: Six Studies in the Sources of East Asian Law, edited by McKnight, Brian, 111–31. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 1987.10.1515/9780824887469CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Meynard, Thierry. The Confucius Sinarum Philosophus: The First Translation of the Confucian Classics. Rome: Institutum Historicum Societatis Iesu, 2011.Google Scholar

Milburn, Olivia. The Glory of Yue: An Annotated Translation of the Yuejue Shu. Leiden: Brill, 2010.10.1163/ej.9789004179691.i-430CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Millar, Ashley Eva. A Singular Case: Debating China’s Political Economy in the European Enlightenment. Montreal and Kingston: McGill–Queen’s University Press, 2017.10.1515/9780773549166CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mote, Frederick. Imperial China: 900–1800. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999.Google Scholar

Mote, Frederick. “Reflections on the First Complete Printing of the Ssu-k’u ch’üan-shu.” Gest Library Journal 1, no. 2 (1987): 26–50.Google Scholar

Mote, Frederick. “The T’u-mu Incident of 1449.” In Chinese Ways in Warfare, edited by Kierman, Frank A., Jr. and Fairbank, John K., 243–72. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1974.Google Scholar

Mote, Frederick, and Twitchett, Denis, eds., The Cambridge History of China, vol. 7: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Pt. 1. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1988.10.1017/CHOL9780521243322CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Silu, Na 那思陆. Mingdai zhongyang sifa shenpan zhidu 明代中央司法审判制度 (The judicial system of the central courts in the Ming dynasty). Beijing: Beijing daxue chubanshe, 2004.Google Scholar

Bingwen, Nan 南炳文 and Gang, Tang 湯綱. Mingshi 明史 (History of the Ming dynasty). Shanghai: Shanghai renmin chubanshe, 2003.Google Scholar

Nimick, Thomas. Local Administration in Ming China: The Changing Roles of Magistrates, Prefects and Local Officials. Minneapolis, MN: Society for Ming Studies, 2008.Google Scholar

Nimick, Thomas. “The Selection of Local Officials Through Recommendation in Fifteenth Century China.” Toung Pao 91 (2005): 125–82.10.1163/1568532054905179CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Xinghui, Pan 潘星輝. Mingdai wenguan quanxuan zhidu yanjiu 明代文官銓選制度研究 (A study of the Ming civil official selection and evaluation). Beijing: Beijing daxue chubanshe, 2005.Google Scholar

Peers, Chris. Battles of Ancient China. Barnsley, UK: Pen and Sword Books, 2013.Google Scholar

Xinwei, Peng 彭信威. Zhongguo huobi shi 中國貨幣史 (A history of Chinese money). Shanghai: Shanghai renmin chubanshe, 1965.Google Scholar

Perdue, Peter C. “Coercion and Commerce on Two Chinese Frontiers.” In Military Culture in Imperial China, edited by Di Cosmo, Nicola, 317–38. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009.Google Scholar

Powers, Martin. England and China: The Preindustrial Struggle for Justice in Word and Image. Abingdon, UK: Routledge, 2019.Google Scholar

Wing-kin, Puk. The Rise and Fall of a Public Debt Market in 16^th-Century China: The Story of the Ming Salt Certificate. Leiden: Brill, 2016.Google Scholar

Mu, Qian 錢穆. Zhuzi xin xuean 朱子新學案 (A new topical examination of Master Zhu’s learning). 5 vols. In Qian Binsi xiansheng quanji 錢賓四先生全集 (Complete works of Master Qian Mu). Taipei: Lianjing, 1998.Google Scholar

Rawski, Evelyn S. Early Modern China and Northeast Asia: Cross-Border Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.10.1017/CBO9781316144572CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rickett, W. Allyn, trans. Guanzi: Political, Economic, and Philosophical Essays from Early China: A Study and Translation. 2 vols. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1985–1998.Google Scholar

Robinson, David M. Bandits, Eunuchs, and the Son of Heaven: Rebellion and the Economy of Violence in Mid-Ming China. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 2001.Google Scholar

Robinson, David M. “Images of Subject Mongols Under the Ming Dynasty.” Late ImperialChina 25, no. 1 (2004): 59–123.10.1353/late.2004.0010CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Robinson, David M. Ming China and Its Allies: Imperial Rule in Eurasia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020.Google Scholar

Robinson, David M. “Mongolian Migration and the Ming’s Place in Eurasia.” Journal of Central Eurasian Studies 3 (2012): 109–29.Google Scholar

Robinson, David M. “Politics, Force and Ethnicity in Ming China: Mongols and the Abortive Coup of 1461.” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 59, no. 1 (1999): 79–123.10.2307/2652684CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rosenwein, Barbara H. Emotional Communities in the Early Middle Ages. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2006.Google Scholar

Rosemont, Henry, and Ames, Roger T., trans. The Chinese Classic of Family Reverence: A Philosophical Translation of the Xiaojing. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2009.Google Scholar

Rosenthal, Jean-Laurent and Bin Wong, R., Before and Beyond Divergence. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011.10.4159/harvard.9780674061293CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rowe, William. “State and Market in Mid-Qing Economic Thought: The Case of Chen Hongmou (1696–1771).” Études chinoises 12, no. 1 (1993): 7–40.Google Scholar

Ryor, Kathleen. “Wen and Wu in Elite Cultural Practices during the Late Ming.” In Military Culture in Imperial China, edited by Di Cosmo, Nicola, 219–42. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009.Google Scholar

Saussy, Haun. The Making of Barbarians: Chinese Literature and Multilingual Asia. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2022.Google Scholar

Sawyer, Ralph, trans. The Seven Military Classics of Ancient China. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1993.Google Scholar

Schoppa, R. Keith. Song Full of Tears: Nine Centuries of Life at Xiang Lake. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2002.Google Scholar

Serruys, Henry. “Landgrants to the Mongols in China: 1400–1460.” Monumenta Serica 25 (1966): 394–405.10.1080/02549948.1966.11744949CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Serruys, Henry. “Mongols Ennobled during the Early Ming.” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 22 (1959): 209–60.10.2307/2718543CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Serruys, Henry. “Remains of Mongol Customs during the Early Ming Period.” Monumenta Serica 16, no. 1 (1957): 137–90.10.1080/02549948.1957.11730961CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Serruys, Henry. “The Mongols in China: 1400–1450.” Monumenta Serica 27 (1968): 233–305.10.1080/02549948.1968.11731056CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Serruys, Henry. “The Mongols in China during the Hung-wu Period (1368–1644).” PhD diss., Columbia University, 1955.Google Scholar

Serruys, Henry. “Were the Ming against the Mongols’ Settling in North China?” Oriens Extremus 6, no. 2 (1959): 131–59.Google Scholar

Setton, Mark. Chong Yagyong: Korea’s Challenge to Orthodox Neo-Confucianism. New York: State University of New York Press, 1997.Google Scholar

Shin, Leo K. The Making of the Chinese State: Ethnicity and Expansion on the Ming Borderlands. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.10.1017/CBO9780511523953CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Skaff, Jonathan Karam. Sui-Tang China and Its Turko-Mongol Neighbors: Culture, Power, and Connections, 580–800. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199734139.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar

So, Billy K. L. and So, Sufumi. “Law and the Market Economy.” In The Cambridge Economic History of China, vol. 1: To 1800, edited by Debin, Ma and von Glahn, Richard, 419–47. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022.Google Scholar

Solomon, Robert C. “Justice vs. Vengeance: On Law and the Satisfaction of Emotion.” In The Passions of Law, edited by Bandes, Susan A., 123–48. New York: New York University Press, 1999.Google Scholar

Sommer, Deborah Ann. “Ch’iu Chün’s (1421–1495) On the Conduct of Sacrificial Offerings.” PhD diss., Columbia University, 1993.Google Scholar

Jaeyoon, Song. “Debates on Just Taxation in Ma Duanlin’s Comprehensive Survey.” In State Power in China, 900–1325, edited by Ebrey, Patricia and Smith, Paul, 244–73. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2016.Google Scholar

Xinhong, Su 蘇新紅. Taicang ku yu Mingdai caizheng zhidu yanbian yanjiu 太倉庫與明代財政制度演變研究 (The Taicang Treasury and the evolution of the Ming financial system). Beijing: Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe, 2021.Google Scholar

Lihua, Sun 孫利華. “Mingdai weisuozhi shuailuo yuanyin chutan” 明代衛所制衰落原因初探 (Preliminary study of the reasons for the decline of the Ming system of guards and battalions). Xueshu jiaoliu 8 (2017): 198–203.Google Scholar

Ying-hsing, Sung [Song Yingxing]. T’ien-kung k’ai-wu; Chinese Technology in the Seventeenth Century. Translated by E-tu Zen Sun and Shiou-chuan Sun. University Park, MD: Pennsylvania State University, 1966.Google Scholar

Swope, Kenneth M. “Of Bureaucrats and Bandits: Confucianism and Antirebel Strategy at the End of the Ming Dynasty.” In Warfare and Culture in World History, edited by Lee, Wayne E., 61–87. New York: New York University Press, 2011.Google Scholar

Swope, Kenneth M. The Military Collapse of China’s Ming Dynasty, 1610–44. London: Routledge, 2014.10.4324/9780203795439CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tam, Ka-chai. Justice in Print: Discovering Prefectural Judges and Their Judicial Consistency in Late-Ming Casebooks. Leiden: Brill, 2020.Google Scholar

Throness, Aaron. “Preface for an Imperial Reprint of the Daxue yanyi bu.” Renditions 98 (2022): 12–19.Google Scholar

Throness, Aaron. “To Govern the State and Bring Peace to the Realm: Qiu Jun’s (1421–1495) Geographic Statecraft Thought in 15th Century Ming China.” Master’s thesis, The University of British Columbia, 2022.Google Scholar

Tse, Wicky W. K. “Violence and Warfare in Early Imperial China.” In The Cambridge World History of Violence I: The Prehistoric and Ancient World, edited by Fagan, Garrett G., Fibiger, Linda, Hudson, Mark, and Trundle, Matthew, 277–95. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020.Google Scholar

Twitchett, Denis. “The Hsuan-tsung Reign (713–756).” In The Cambridge History of China, vol. 3, edited by Twitchett, Denis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982.Google Scholar

Van Ess, Hans. “Situating the ‘Qingzhong’ 輕重 Chapters of the Guanzi 管子.” In Between Command and Market: Economic Thought and Practice in Early China, edited by Sabattini, Elisa Levi and Schwermann, Christian, 114–44. Leiden: Brill, 2022.Google Scholar

Vedal, Nathan. The Culture of Language in Ming China: Sound, Script, and the Redefinition of Boundaries of Knowledge. New York: Columbia University Press, 2022.10.7312/veda20074CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Vogt, Paul Nicholas. Kingship, Ritual, and Royal Ideology in Western Zhou China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022.10.1017/9781009042741CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Von Glahn, Richard. “Community and Welfare: Chu Hsi’s Community Granary in Theory and Practice.” In Ordering the World: Approaches to State and Society in Sung Dynasty China, edited by Hymes, Robert and Schirokauer, Conrad, 221–54. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.Google Scholar

Von Glahn, Richard. The Economic History of China: From Antiquity to the Nineteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016.10.1017/CBO9781139343848CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Von Glahn, Richard. Fountain of Fortune: Money and Monetary Policy in China, 1000–1700. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1996.10.1525/9780520917453CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Von Glahn, Richard. “Modalities of the Fiscal State in Imperial China.” Journal of Chinese History 4, no. 1 (2020): 1–29.10.1017/jch.2019.15CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Waldron, Arthur. The Great Wall of China: From History to Myth. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.Google Scholar

Wallacker, Benjamin E. “Chang Fei’s Preface to the Ch’in Code of Law.” T’oung pao 72 (1986): 229–68.10.1163/156853286X00024CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ming, Wan 萬明. “Xu lun” 緒論 (Introduction). In Mingdai Wanli kuaiji lu zhengli yu yanjiu, edited by Ming, Wan and Yingkai, Xu, 1–94. Beijing: CASS, 2015.Google Scholar

Ming, Wan, and Yingkai, Xu 徐英凱. Mingdai Wanli kuaiji lu zhengli yu yanjiu 明代《萬曆會計錄》整理與研究 (Collation and research on Record of Accounts of the Wanli Era). 3 vols. Beijing: Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe, 2015.Google Scholar

Wang, David Der-wei, Leung, Angela Ki Che, and Yinde, Zhang, eds. Utopia and Utopianism in the Contemporary Chinese Context: Texts, Ideas, and Spaces. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2020.10.1515/9789882200845CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fansen, Wang 王汎森. Wan Ming Qing chu sixiangshi shilun 晚明清初思想史十論 (Ten essays on late Ming and early Qing intellectual history). Shanghai: Fudan daxue chubanshe, 2004.Google Scholar

Wang, Jinping. In the Wake of the Mongols: The Making of a New Social Order in North China, 1200–1600. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, 2018.Google Scholar

Li, Wang 王立. Zhongguo gudai fuchou wenxue zhuti中國古代復仇文學主題 (Literature of revenge themes in ancient China). Changchun: Dongbei shifan daxue chubanshe, 1998.Google Scholar

Shuhong, Wang 王樹宏 and Jianping, Liu 劉建平. “Zhongguo lidai wuju zhidu shulüe” 中國歷代武舉制度述略 (Brief description of the military examination system across the Chinese dynasties). Shenyang tiyu xueyuan xuebao 2 (2005): 122–24.Google Scholar

Wanfu, Wang 王萬福. Ming Qiu Wenzhuang gong Jun nianpu 明丘文莊公濬年譜 (Chronological biography of Master Wenzhuang, Qiu Jun, of the Ming). Taipei: Shangwu yinshuguan, 1985.Google Scholar

Xuncheng, Wang 王勛成, Tangdai quanxuan yu wenxue 唐代銓選與文學 (Official appointment and literature in the Tang dynasty). Beijing: Zhonghua, 2001.Google Scholar

Weatherford, Jack. The History of Money. New York: Three Rivers Press, 1997.Google Scholar

Weber, Max. The Religion of China: Confucianism and Taoism. Translated by Gerth, Hans, with an introduction by C. K. Yang. New York: Macmillan, 1964.Google Scholar

Wechsler, Howard J. Mirror to the Son of Heaven: Wei Cheng at the Court of T’ang T’ai-tsung. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1974.Google Scholar

Wilhelm, Richard, and Baynes, Cary F., trans. The I Ching; or, Book of Changes. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1967.Google Scholar

Will, Pierre-Étienne. Bureaucracy and Famine in Eighteenth-Century China. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1990.Google Scholar

Will, Pierre-Étienne. “Discussions about the Market-Place and the Market Principle in Eighteenth-Century Guangdong.” Zhongguo haiyang fazhanshi lunwen ji 中國海洋發展史論文集 (Collected essays on the maritime history of China) 7 (1999): 323–89.Google Scholar

Will, Pierre-Étienne. ed. Handbooks and Anthologies for Officials. 2 vols. Leiden: Brill, 2020.10.1163/9789004416208CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Will, Pierre-Étienne, and Bin Wong, R., eds. Nourish the People: The State Civilian Granary System in China, 1650–1850. Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan, 1991.10.3998/mpub.19044CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Williamson, Henry Raymond. Wang Anshi: A Chinese Statesman and Educationalist of the Sung Dynasty. London: A. Probsthain, 1935.Google Scholar

Wong, R. Bin. “Taxation and Good Governance in China, 1500–1914.” In The Rise of Fiscal States: A Global History, 1500-1914, edited by Yun-Casalilla, Bartholomé and O’Brien, Patrick, 353–77. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.Google Scholar

Yunting, Wu 吳云廷. “Tumu zhi bian qianhou de Menggu xiangren” 土木之變前的蒙古降人 (Mongol surrenderers before and after the Tumu Incident). Hebei xuekan 3 (1989): 106–11.Google Scholar

Wenchao, Xie 解文超. Mingdai bingshu yanjiu 明代兵書研究 (Studies in military texts of the Ming dynasty). Tianjin: Tianjin renmin chubanshe, 2011.Google Scholar

Jilin, Xu 許紀霖. Rethinking China’s Rise: A Liberal Critique, edited and translated by Ownby, David. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.Google Scholar

Yougen, Xu 許有根. Wuju zhidu shilüe 武舉制度史略 (Brief history of the military examination system). Suzhou: Suzhou daxue chubanshe, 1997.Google Scholar

Bojun, Yang 楊伯峻. Chunqiu Zuo zhuan zhu 春秋左傳注 (Commentary on the Zuo Tradition of the Spring and Autumn Annals). 4 vols. Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1995.Google Scholar

Yang, Shao-yun. The Way of the Barbarians: Redrawing Ethnic Boundaries in Tang and Song China. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2019.10.1515/9780295746012CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Shichang, Ye. “On Guanzi Qing Zhong.” In The History of Ancient Chinese Economic Thought, edited by Lin, Cheng, Peach, Terry, and Fang, Wang, 98–105. Abingdon, UK: Routledge, 2014.Google Scholar

Ying-shih, Yü 余英時. Chinese History and Culture, vol. 1: Sixth Century BCE to Seventeenth Century, edited by Chiu-Duke, Josephine and Duke, Michael S.. New York: Columbia University Press, 2016.Google Scholar

Zhijia, Yu 于志嘉. Mingdai junhu shixi zhidu明代軍戶世襲制度 (The Ming hereditary military household system). Taipei: Taiwan xuesheng shuju, 1987.Google Scholar

Zhijia, Yu. Weisuo, junhu yu junyi: yi Ming Qing Jiangxi diqu wei zhongxin de yanjiu 衛所、軍戶與軍役: 以明清江西地區為中心的研究 (Guards and battalions, military households, and military service in Ming-Qing Jiangxi). Beijing: Beijing daxue chubanshe, 2010.Google Scholar

Guohua, Zhang 張國華. Zhongguo falü sixiangshi xinbian 中国法律思想史新编 (New history of Chinese legal thought). Beijing: Beijing daxue chubanshe, 1991.Google Scholar

Tingli, Zhang 張亭立. “Mingdai bingru heliu yu Chen Zhongyu gong Bingyuan zouyi” 明代兵儒合流與《 陳忠裕公兵垣奏議 》(The integration of military and Confucian discourses in the Ming and Chen Zilong’s memorials on military affairs). Qinghai shifan daxue xuebao 1 (2007): 52–57.Google Scholar

Zhao, Dingxin. The Confucian-Legalist State: A New Theory of Chinese History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199351732.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jing, Zhao 趙靖. Zhongguo jingji sixiang tongshi 中國經濟思想通史 (A comprehensive history of Chinese economic thought). Beijing: Beijing daxue chubanshe, 2002.Google Scholar

Tingyang, Zhao. All under Heaven: The Tianxia System for a Possible World Order. Translated by Joseph E. Harroff. Oakland: University of California Press, 2021.10.2307/j.ctv1n9dkthCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bodi, Zhou 周伯棣. Zhongguo caizheng shi 中國財政史 (History of financial administration in China). Shanghai: Shanghai renmin chubanshe, 1981.Google Scholar

Zhiyuan, Zhou 周致遠. “Mingdai wuxue tanwei” 明代武學探微 (Discussion of military education in the Ming dynasty). Anhui daxue xuebao 3 (1994): 109–12, 95.Google Scholar