p>Pan-Africanism as a movement concerns efforts of black-skinned peoples in Africa and her black diaspora for self-determination and unity.

In the New World, it evolved in enslaved and free blacks’ emigration and colonization, including Africa's Sierra Leone (1787) and Liberia (1821). Liberian emigrant and leader Edward W. Blyden urged Caribbean and US blacks to return, especially after the Civil War as their Back-to-Africa initiatives expanded. The Pan-African Congress in London (1900) and five additional congresses (1919–45) included delegates from Africa; North America, notably W. E. B. Du Bois; and the Caribbean. Marcus Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association not only helped sustain Pan-African organizing but also galvanized post-1945 African American freedom struggles.