Previous scholars claimed there were no women in the African Association (AA); however, from at least the early 1930s a significant percentage of several chapters’ formal membership was made up of women. It is possible that some of them were inspired by the AA’s message of redemptive pan-Africanism, but Chapter 5 argues that the practical pan-Africanism strand was often most enticing for the women who joined. Many of these entrepreneurial female activists found a pan-African identity useful in helping them meet specific needs, accomplishing personal or collective objectives, or gaining a voice in the largely male-dominated political sphere and access to governing authorities. But the women and men of the AA did not always agree on the proper way to build the African nation and the Association served as an arena of contested space. This chapter unpacks the implications of this rare example of a mixed-gendered political organization in colonial Africa.