Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-54dcc4c588-scsgl Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-10-01T02:00:05.481Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 8 - Ciceronian Aspects of Leadership in Livy’s Ab Vrbe Condita

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 September 2025

Melina Tamiolaki
Affiliation:
University of Crete
Get access

Summary

This chapter focuses on the way the Livian conception of political leadership reflects the corresponding Ciceronian theory. Although Livy does not seem to use any specific term for ‘leadership’, the latter is given a prominent role in his theory regarding the progress and the decline of the res publica: in his much-commented-on passage of his preface (praef. 9), both the relaxation of disciplina and the role of the leaders (uiri) are elucidated by reference to Cicero’s theory and terminology of leadership. Disciplina should then be defined as a way of moral and political life transmitted from one generation to the other, which is essentially based on the principle of obedience to an ‘enlightened’ political leadership. The characteristics of efficient leadership are expressed by Livy in various comments or speeches throughout the work. The role attributed to the people and the leaders in Livy’s scheme also reveals a close affinity with Cicero’s theory of the ideal leader as a moderator rei publicae, especially in the De re publica. Livy also promotes some leaders of the Roman past as exempla which have incarnated the Ciceronian ideal of leader.

Information

Type
Chapter
Information
Leadership in the Ancient World
Concepts, Models, Theories
, pp. 176 - 200
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2025

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Primary Sources

Keyes, C. W. (1928) Cicero: On the Republic. On the Laws (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, Loeb Classical Library).Google Scholar
Macdonald, C. (1976) Cicero: In Catilinam 1–4. Pro Murena. Pro Sulla. Pro Flacco (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, Loeb Classical Library).Google Scholar
Zetzel, J. E. G. (1999) On the Commonwealth; and On the Laws (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Bayet, J. (1940) Tite-Live: Histoire romaine, Tome I: Livre I, texte établi par J. Bayet et traduit par G. Baillet (Paris: Les Belles Lettres).Google Scholar
Foster, B. O. (1919) Livy: History of Rome, vol. 1: Books 1–2 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, Loeb Classical Library).Google Scholar
Foster, B. O. (1922) Livy: History of Rome, vol. 2: Books 3–4 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, Loeb Classical Library).Google Scholar
Foster, B. O. (1924) Livy: History of Rome, vol. 3: Books 5–7 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, Loeb Classical Library).Google Scholar
Moore, F. G. (1940) Livy: History of Rome, vol. 4: Books 23–25 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, Loeb Classical Library).Google Scholar
Yardley, J. C. (2019) Livy: History of Rome, vol. 5: Books 21–22, Introduction by Dexter Hoyos, John Briscoe (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, Loeb Classical Library).Google Scholar

Secondary Sources

Keyes, C. W. (1928) Cicero: On the Republic. On the Laws (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, Loeb Classical Library).Google Scholar
Macdonald, C. (1976) Cicero: In Catilinam 1–4. Pro Murena. Pro Sulla. Pro Flacco (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, Loeb Classical Library).Google Scholar
Zetzel, J. E. G. (1999) On the Commonwealth; and On the Laws (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Bayet, J. (1940) Tite-Live: Histoire romaine, Tome I: Livre I, texte établi par J. Bayet et traduit par G. Baillet (Paris: Les Belles Lettres).Google Scholar
Foster, B. O. (1919) Livy: History of Rome, vol. 1: Books 1–2 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, Loeb Classical Library).Google Scholar
Foster, B. O. (1922) Livy: History of Rome, vol. 2: Books 3–4 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, Loeb Classical Library).Google Scholar
Foster, B. O. (1924) Livy: History of Rome, vol. 3: Books 5–7 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, Loeb Classical Library).Google Scholar
Moore, F. G. (1940) Livy: History of Rome, vol. 4: Books 23–25 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, Loeb Classical Library).Google Scholar
Yardley, J. C. (2019) Livy: History of Rome, vol. 5: Books 21–22, Introduction by Dexter Hoyos, John Briscoe (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, Loeb Classical Library).Google Scholar
Arena, V. (2012) Libertas and the Practice of Politics in the Late Roman Republic (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Baziou, J.-Y. (2005) Les fondéments de l’autorité (Paris: Éditions de l’Atelier).Google Scholar
Büchner, K. (1952), ‘Der Tyrann und sein Gegenbild in Cicero’s Staat’, Hermes 80, 343–71.Google Scholar
Burton, P. J. (2000) ‘The Last Republican Historian: A New Date for the Composition of Livy’s First Pentad’, Historia 49(4), 429446.Google Scholar
Burton, P. J. (2008) ‘Livy’s Preface and Its Historical Context’, Scholia: Studies in Classical Antiquity 17, 7091.Google Scholar
Chaplin, J. D. (2000) Livy’s Exemplary History (Oxford: Oxford University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chemers, M. M. (1997) An Integrative Theory of Leadership (New York: Psychology Press).Google Scholar
Cogitore, I. (2011) Le doux nom de liberté: histoire d’une idée politique dans la Rome antique (Bordeaux: Ausonius).Google Scholar
De Franchis, M. (2014) ‘Pour qui écrit Tite-Live?’, in Julhe, J.-C. (ed.) Pratiques latines de la dédicace: permanence et mutations, de l’Antiquité à la Renaissance (Paris: Classiques Garnier), 189213.Google Scholar
Delarue, F. (1998) ‘Sur la préface de Tite-Live’, Vita Latina 151, 4458.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Desideri, P. (2012) ‘Repubblica romana e libertà politica: dalla storiografia antica ai Discorsi di Machiavelli’, Rivista Storica Italiana 124(1), 107–42.Google Scholar
De Vaan, M. (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the Other Italic Languages (Leiden: Brill).Google Scholar
Ducos, M. (1984) Les Romains et la loi: recherches sur les rapports de la philosophie grecque et de la tradition romaine à la fin de la République (Paris: Les Belles Lettres).Google Scholar
Ducos, M. (1987) ‘Les passions, les hommes et l’histoire dans l’œuvre de Tite-Live’, Revue des Études Latines 65, 132–47.Google Scholar
Dyck, A. R. (1996) A Commentary on Cicero, De officiis (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press).Google Scholar
Ernout, A. and Meillet, A. (1985) Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue latine: Histoire des mots, 4th ed. (Paris: Klincksieck).Google Scholar
Fantham, E. (2004) The Roman World of Cicero’s De oratore (Oxford: Oxford University Press).10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199263158.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fertik, H. (2017), ‘Sex, Love, and Leadership in Cicero’s Philippics 1 and 2’, Arethusa 50(1), 6588.10.1353/are.2017.0002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gardner, J. W. (1990) On Leadership (New York: The Free Press).Google Scholar
Girardet, K.M. (1983) Die Ordnung der Welt: ein Beitrag zur philosophischen und politischen Interpretation von Ciceros Schrift De legibus (Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag).Google Scholar
Girardet, K. M. (2018) ‘Hat Cicero, ohne es zu bemerken, die Einführung der Monarchie in Rom vorgeschlagen?’, Hermes 146(1), 116–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heinze, R (1924) ‘Ciceros Staat als politische Tendenzschrift’, Hermes 59(1), 7394.Google Scholar
Hellegouarc’h, J. (1963) Le vocabulaire latin des relations et des partis politiques sous la république (Paris: Les Belles Lettres).Google Scholar
Hillard, T. W. (2008) ‘Augustus and the Evolution of Roman Concepts of Leadership’, Ancient History: Resources for Teachers 38(2), 107–52.Google Scholar
Kapust, D. (2011) Republicanism, Rhetoric and Roman Political Thought: Sallust, Livy and Tacitus (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).10.1017/CBO9780511976483CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klotz, A. (1926) s.v. Livius, Real-Encyclopädie XIII, 816–53.Google Scholar
Koster, S. (1996) ‘Tibi tuaeque rei publicae: zur praefatio des Livius’, in Müller-Goldingen, Ch and Sier, K. (eds.) ΛΗΝΑΙΚΑ: Festschrift für Carl Werner Müller zum 65. Geburtstag am 28. Januar 1996 (Stuttgart: Teubner), 253–63.Google Scholar
Kraus, C. S. and Woodman, A. J. (1997) Latin Historians (Oxford: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar
Leeman, A. D. (1961) ‘Are We Fair to Livy?’, Helikon 1, 2839.Google Scholar
Lepore, E. (1954) Il principe ciceroniano e gli ideali politici della tarda repubblica (Naples: Istituto Italiano per gli studi storici).Google Scholar
Lintott, A. (2008) Cicero as Evidence: A Historian’s Companion (Oxford: Oxford University Press).10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199216444.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luce, T. J. (1965) ‘The Dating of Livy’s First Decade’, Transactions of the American Philological Association 96, 209–40.Google Scholar
Magdelain, A. (1990) ‘De l’auctoritas patrum à l’auctoritas Senatus’, in Magdelain, A. (ed.) Jus imperium auctoritas: Études de droit romain (Rome: École Française de Rome), 385403.Google Scholar
Mazza, M. (1967) Storia e ideologia in Livio: Per un’analisi storiografica della praefatio ai Libri ab Urbe condita (Rome: Bonanno).Google Scholar
Mazza, M. (2005) ‘La praefatio di Livio: una rivisitazione’, in Troiani, L. and Zecchini, G. (eds.) Alle radici della casa comune europea, Vol. 5: La cultura storica nei primi due secoli dell’Impero romano: Milano, 3–5 giugno 2004 / Università cattolica del Sacro Cuore (Rome: L’Erma di Bretschneider), 4159.Google Scholar
Meyer, E. (1918) Caesars Monarchie und das Principat des Pompeius (Stuttgart: J. G. Cotta).Google Scholar
Mineo, B. (2006) Tite-Live et l’histoire de Rome (Paris: Klincksieck).10.14375/NP.9782252035726CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mineo, B. (ed.) (2015) A Companion to Livy (Malden, MA: Wiley Blackwell).Google Scholar
Moles, J. (1993) ‘Livy’s Preface’, Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society 39, 141–68.Google Scholar
Moore, T. J. (1989) Artistry and Ideology: Livy’s Vocabulary of Virtue (Frankfurt: Athenäum).Google Scholar
Morello, M.-R. (1996) ‘Ars Imperatoria: Three Studies of Leadership in Livy’ (PhD dissertation, Cornell University).Google Scholar
Nelsestuen, G. A. (2014) ‘Overseeing Res publica: The Rector Vilicus in De re publica 5’, Classical Antiquity 33(1), 130–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nicgorski, W. (1991) ‘Cicero’s Focus: From the Best Regime to the Model Statesman’, Political Theory 19(2), 230–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Northouse, P. G. (2013) Leadership: Theory and Practice, 6th ed. (Los Angeles, CA: SAGE Publications).Google Scholar
Ogilvie, R. M. (1965) A Commentary on Livy: Books I–V (Oxford: Clarendon Press).Google Scholar
Oppermann, H. (1967) ‘Die Einleitung zum Geschichtswerk des Livius’ (reprinted), in Burck, E. (ed.) Wege zu Livius (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft), 169–80.Google Scholar
Pausch, D. (2011) Livius und der Leser: narrative Strukturen in Ab urbe condita (Munich: C. H. Beck).10.4000/books.chbeck.1396CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pédech, P. (1964) La méthode historique de Polybe (Paris: Les Belles Lettres).Google Scholar
Powell, J. (1994) ‘The rector rei publicae of Cicero’s De Republica’, Scripta Classica Israelica 13, 1929.10.71043/sci.v13i.4447CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Powell, J. (2012) ‘Cicero’s De Republica and the Virtues of the Statesman’, in Nicgorski, W. (ed.) Cicero’s Practical Philosophy (Notre Dame, IN: Notre Dame University Press), 1442.10.2307/j.ctvpj74jm.7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reitzenstein, R. (1917) Die Idee des Principats bei Cicero und Augustus (Göttingen: Göttinger Nachrichten).Google Scholar
Rodriguez Monreal, P. (1997) ‘Apuntes de lexicografía a propósito de los términos moderatio, modestia y temperantia en Tito Livio’, Cuadernos de Filología Clásica (Estudios latinos) 13, 6171.Google Scholar
Ruch, M. (1968) ‘Le thème de la croissance organique dans le livre I de Tite-Live’, Studii Clasice 10, 123–31.Google Scholar
Ruch, M. (1972) ‘Le thème de la croissance organique dans la pensée historique des Romains, de Caton à Florus’, Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt I, 2, 827–41.Google Scholar
Seita, M. (1996) ‘Lettura della prefazione di Tito Livio’, Paideia 51, 322.Google Scholar
Spannagel, M. (1999) Exemplaria principis: Untersuchungen zu Entstehung und Ausstattung des Augustusforums (Heidelberg: Verlag Archäologie und Geschichte).Google Scholar
Steed, K. L. S (2008) ‘Memory and Leadership in the Late Roman Republic’ (PhD dissertation, University of Michigan).Google Scholar
Stevenson, T. (2005) ‘Readings of Scipio’s Dictatorship in Cicero’s De re publica (6.12)’, Classical Quarterly 55(1), 140–52.10.1093/cq/bmi010CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stroh, W. (2008) Cicero: Redner, Staatsmann, Philosoph (Munich: Beck).10.17104/9783406615627CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Syme, R. (1959) ‘Livy and Augustus’, Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 64, 2787.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, F. (2014) ‘Le prestige politique à Rome: de l’auctoritas patricienne au prince Augustus’, in Hurlet, F., Rivoal, M., and Sidéra, I. (eds.) Le prestige: autour des formes de la différenciation sociale (Paris: De Boccard), 4756.Google Scholar
Vasaly, A. (2015) Livy’s Political Philosophy: Power and Personality in Early Rome (New York: Cambridge University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vassiliades, G. (2015) ‘Scipion l’Africain chez Tite-Live: la relation exemplaire d’un chef avec la foule’, Camenulae 13, 119. https://lettres.sorbonne-universite.fr/sites/default/files/media/2020-06/vassiliadesbat.pdf.Google Scholar
Vassiliades, G. (2016) ‘La res publica et sa décadence: de Salluste à Tite-Live’ (PhD dissertation, Université Paris-Sorbonne).Google Scholar
Vassiliades, G. (2020a) ‘Livy’s Preface: A Captatio Benevolentiae Addressed to Educated Readers?’, Museum Helveticum 77(1), 3458.10.24894/2673-2963.00013CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vassiliades, G. (2020b) La res publica et sa décadence: de Salluste à Tite-Live (Bordeaux: Ausonius).10.4000/books.ausonius.14782CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Viparelli Santangello, V. (1976) ‘A proposito dell’uso del termine moderatio nelle storie di Livio’, Bollettino di Studi Latini 6, 71–8.Google Scholar
Von Fritz, K. (1954) The Theory of the Mixed Constitution in Antiquity: A Critical Analysis of Polybius’ Political Ideas (New York: Columbia University Press).Google Scholar
Walbank, F. W. (1957) A Historical Commentary on Polybius, vol. 1: Commentary on Books I–VI (Oxford: Clarendon Press).Google Scholar
Wirszubski, C. (1950) Libertas as a Political Idea at Rome during the Late Republic and Early Principate (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).10.1017/CBO9780511518607CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zarecki, J. (2009) ‘Cicero’s Definition of πολιτικός’, Arethusa 42(3), 251–70.10.1353/are.0.0027CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zarecki, J. (2014) Cicero’s Ideal Statesman in Theory and Practice (London: Bloomsbury Academic).Google Scholar
Zetzel, J. E. G. (1995) Cicero, De re publica: Selections (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Keyes, C. W. (1928) Cicero: On the Republic. On the Laws (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, Loeb Classical Library).Google Scholar
Macdonald, C. (1976) Cicero: In Catilinam 1–4. Pro Murena. Pro Sulla. Pro Flacco (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, Loeb Classical Library).Google Scholar
Zetzel, J. E. G. (1999) On the Commonwealth; and On the Laws (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Bayet, J. (1940) Tite-Live: Histoire romaine, Tome I: Livre I, texte établi par J. Bayet et traduit par G. Baillet (Paris: Les Belles Lettres).Google Scholar
Foster, B. O. (1919) Livy: History of Rome, vol. 1: Books 1–2 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, Loeb Classical Library).Google Scholar
Foster, B. O. (1922) Livy: History of Rome, vol. 2: Books 3–4 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, Loeb Classical Library).Google Scholar
Foster, B. O. (1924) Livy: History of Rome, vol. 3: Books 5–7 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, Loeb Classical Library).Google Scholar
Moore, F. G. (1940) Livy: History of Rome, vol. 4: Books 23–25 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, Loeb Classical Library).Google Scholar
Yardley, J. C. (2019) Livy: History of Rome, vol. 5: Books 21–22, Introduction by Dexter Hoyos, John Briscoe (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, Loeb Classical Library).Google Scholar

Accessibility standard: WCAG 2.1 AA

The PDF of this book complies with version 2.1 of the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG), covering newer accessibility requirements and improved user experiences and achieves the intermediate (AA) level of WCAG compliance, covering a wider range of accessibility requirements.

Content Navigation

Table of contents navigation
Allows you to navigate directly to chapters, sections, or non‐text items through a linked table of contents, reducing the need for extensive scrolling.
Index navigation
Provides an interactive index, letting you go straight to where a term or subject appears in the text without manual searching.

Reading Order & Textual Equivalents

Single logical reading order
You will encounter all content (including footnotes, captions, etc.) in a clear, sequential flow, making it easier to follow with assistive tools like screen readers.
Short alternative textual descriptions
You get concise descriptions (for images, charts, or media clips), ensuring you do not miss crucial information when visual or audio elements are not accessible.

Visual Accessibility

Use of colour is not sole means of conveying information
You will still understand key ideas or prompts without relying solely on colour, which is especially helpful if you have colour vision deficiencies.

Structural and Technical Features

ARIA roles provided
You gain clarity from ARIA (Accessible Rich Internet Applications) roles and attributes, as they help assistive technologies interpret how each part of the content functions.

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge-org.demo.remotlog.com is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×