This chapter discusses the impact of digital technology on children’s development, addressing both positive and negative aspects. It notes the significant increase in children’s use of digital devices and explores how technology affects learning, social connections, self-expression, problem-solving skills, coordination, memory, and concentration. The passage delves into the potential negative consequences, such as the impact on mental health, self-esteem, social and relational skills, privacy concerns, and the risk of addiction. The potential benefits of technology include increased access to information, immersive learning experiences, personalized learning, collaboration, and exposure to different cultures. However, overreliance on technology for communication and entertainment can lead to social isolation, reduced physical activity, and negative mental health outcomes. The chapter emphasizes the importance of digital literacy education, whereby children learn to navigate and critically evaluate online content. It also explores the potential risks of excessive screen time, including sleep disturbances, vision problems, and physical health issues. Various strategies for minimizing risks and maximizing benefits are suggested. The chapter concludes with recommendations for maintaining open communication, collaborating with children to establish guidelines for responsible technology use, and being a positive role model regarding screen time and offline activities.

Harmful substances and behaviours include alcohol, drugs, smoking, gambling, harmful technology use, and risky sexual practices, with a spectrum of harm from minimal to severe. Stigma and discrimination compound the harmful effects of these substances and behaviours. The biopsychosocial model has been historically used to understand, assess, and intervene in problems with such substances and behaviours. Harmful use of substances and behaviours is a growing problem and contributes significantly to the global burden of disease. The rise of technology-driven behaviours, such as gaming and social media use, can lead to addictive or compulsive patterns. Alcohol is a leading risk factor for disease and death, with no safe level of consumption recommended by the World Health Organization. Misuse of illicit and prescription drugs is rising globally, with opioids contributing to the most significant drug-related harm. Tobacco use remains a major modifiable risk factor for disease and mortality. Problem gambling has a high suicide rate and is often accompanied by financial problems. Definitions of problematic use of gaming and other technologies are challenging, with varying cultural and generational views on acceptable levels.