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2 results

  • Chapter 1 - Thinking Freedom

  • Douglas Moggach, University of Ottawa and University of Sydney
  • Book:
    Freedom and Perfection
    Published online:
    25 July 2025
    Print publication:
    14 August 2025, pp 1-28
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  • Summary

    Leibniz is the genuine initiator of German Idealism, developing ideas of freedom as spontaneity or self-originating action, and linking freedom with justice and progress in ways that are decisive for Kant and later idealists. Rethinking spontaneity as negative freedom, Kant criticises the paternalistic perfectionism and Enlightened absolutism of Christian Wolff, a distinct development from Leibniz, but opens the way for a new perfectionism of freedom. The origins of perfectionism in Aristotle and the Stoics are surveyed, and the various formulations of post-Kantian perfectionism from Humboldt to Marx are outlined.