The terrestrial orchid genusBhutanthera Renz (subfamily Orchidoideae, tribe Orchideae), comprising fivespecies, three newly described here, is established. A new species, Herminium pygmaeum Renz,and three new varieties, Bulbophyllum cauliflorum Hook.f. var. sikkimense N. Pearce& P. J. Cribb, Cephalanthera erecta (Thunb.) Bl. var. oblanceolata N. Pearce& P. J. Cribb, and Gymnadenia orchidis Lindl. var. pantlingii Renz, are herenewly described. Five new combinations and one new name are proposed. Four new sections ofBulbophyllum are also established and their relationshipsdiscussed.