Chapter 50 covers the topic of child and adolescent mental health services. Through a case vignette with topical MCQs for consolidation of learning, readers are brought through the management of young patients with psychiatric disorders from first presentation to subsequent complications of the conditions and its treatment. Things covered include the general principles of prescribing in children and adolescent patients with psychiatric disorders, the use of antidepressants, the use of mood stabilisers, the use of antipsychotics, treatment of anxiety disorders.

Epilepsy syndromes (electroclinical syndromes) are well-recognized groupings of clinical (seizure types) and EEG features that occur together. Each syndrome typically shares a common age of onset, deficits (intellectual dysfunction), treatment and prognosis. Syndromes are classified based on their onset, epilepsy type (focal, generalized, or mixed) and development of epileptic encephalopathy (disorder in which epileptic activity contributes to severe impairments in cognition and behavior). Relatively benign syndromes are typically associated with focal, generalized tonic-clonic (GTC), typical absences and myoclonic seizures. Epileptic encephalopathies are typically associated with atonic, tonic, atypical absences, and epileptic spasms in addition to the other seizure types. [106 words/729 characters]

This chapter describes the spectrum of age-related maturation of electrographic patterns through preterm, neonatal, infantile, childhood, and adolescence periods. Neonatal EEGs must be interpreted in the context of corrected age and physiological state. Sustained continuity is the hallmark of maturation. Preterm records are discontinuous irrespective of state while term records are continuous in all states. Between 30 and 37 weeks, the background becomes more continuous during wakefulness and active sleep compared to quiet sleep. At term, activité moyenne is present during wakefulness and active sleep and trace alternans occurs during quiet sleep. Anterior dysrhythmia and graphoelements occur between 32 and 44 weeks corrected age. Sharp transients may be normal in neonates. A reactive posterior dominant rhythm emerges at three months of age and attains alpha range at around 2 to 3 years of age. Asynchronous sleep spindles emerge before 3 months and synchronize at 6 months of age. [144 words/855 characters]

This chapter provides a preliminary Latinx literary history of both the representation of Latinxs in video games and how games shape narratives of Latinidad in the twenty-first century. The chapter first examines how non-Latinxs have dominated Latinx narratives and representation, shaping a narrow concept of who is Latinx and what it means to live as a Latinx person. While AAA games continue to circulate stereotyped images of Latinxs, more recent game narratives authored by Latin American and Latinx creators and distributed through independent publishers challenge these representations. The chapter provides close readings of Guacamelee! and Guacamelee! 2 from Drinkbox Studies and Minority Media’s Papo & Yo, both created by Latin American immigrants to North America. These games subvert gaming tropes and use characterization and worldbuilding to showcase the diversity of Latinidades. Finally, the chapter assesses video games that expand representation (including AfroLatinidades and trans Latinidades) as well as narratives that use ludic structures, such as Carmen Maria Machado’s In the Dream House: A Memoir and Nona Fernández’s Space Invaders.

Across Australia and beyond, early childhood education (ECE) services play a significant role in the everyday lives of infants, toddlers and their families. For some decades, the enrolment of infants and toddlers has increased to the extent that, in today’s Australian society, around 40% of birth to 24-month-olds and nearly 60% of two-year-olds spend at least part of their week in an early childhood service. More still balance ECE service attendance with informal care arrangements with family members and friends. With these figures echoed across many countries worldwide, the widespread uptake of infant and toddler early childhood programs has meant that this generation of infants and toddlers and their families are experiencing a markedly different start to life than previous generations. It is now the norm for infant–toddler care to be spread across multiple contexts both within and outside of the walls of the family home, and for the responsibility for early learning to be shared between family and non-familial adults.

Examines some philosophical issues raised by the problem of dressing children. These include Enlightenment discussions of childhood, education, and clothing, which arguably had a large impact on the development of children’s fashion. Discusses the extent to which parents and caretakers shape children’s identity through their choice of clothing.

The health and well-being of families is an important consideration for federal, state, and/or local levels of government. Family health policies based on recent knowledge of early childhood development have evolved to emphasise the importance of providing every child with the best possible start to life. Childhood sets the foundation for future health and well-being and is recognised by the 1979 United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. To impact health inequalities, government policies and services must address the social determinants of early child health, development and well-being.

A 7-year-old girl visited the outpatient clinic because of difficulty walking. She had never managed to run properly, and experienced frequent falls ever since she began walking independently at the age of 18 months. Jumping was not possible, and when stepping up or down, she needed support below her arms. There was no fluctuation of symptoms during the day, but she had suffered from periods that could last several weeks in which using the stairs was completely impossible. She was unable to blow up a balloon and her speech was slow and poorly articulated. There were no complaints about chewing or swallowing. She had a healthy non-identical twin sister and the family history was unremarkable.

This chapter discusses Clare’s nature poetry, in the contexts of the politics of land use, then and now. It reads the verse against issues including the introduction of capitalist forms of agriculture and their effects, including the dispossession and pauperization of agricultural labourers and the degradation of ecosystems. It also considers the politics of language and memory in Clare’s poetry, in relation to changes in the agricultural economy.

Violence and time are elements shaping the lives of children. For children, time is something that to a large part is placed in the future, while to adults, it is placed in the past; still, it is within this time that violence directed toward children occurs because they are children, often with the purpose of shaping their personhood and controlling them. To be able to speak freely about how time and violence socially construct the self-identity as a child is an important act of resistance against the use of violence constructing childhood but also an important form of protection. To fight violence, the child rights discourse must move beyond the child’s rights to be heard to also take seriously the right to freedom of speech.

Far from being cut-down versions of the adult form, children’s dictionaries constitute a distinct genre with their own history and methodology. The chapter charts the development of children’s dictionaries, from Renaissance bilingual dictionaries to the present day, showing how they have evolved to reflect changing perceptions of childhood. It discusses the bewildering range of dictionaries now available for children as they progress from ABCs and picture dictionaries to those for school use and creative writing, including innovative subgenres based on fictional worlds and dictionaries supporting language revitalisation. Drawing on historical and contemporary examples, the chapter explores content and page design adapted to engage young readers. It considers how lexicographers aim to reflect the world as experienced by children, from the selection of headwords to the framing of definitions, using dedicated corpora and reading programmes. The tension between descriptive and prescriptive approaches is often acute in children’s dictionaries, for example over the inclusion of slang and taboo words, and lexicographers aim to balance young dictionary users’ needs against adult perceptions of what a children’s dictionary is for.