Women are eligible to serve in virtually all roles in the Australian Defence Force and the Canadian Armed Forces. The contributions of women at home and abroad reach back to the establishment of women’s services during the Second World War, and to nursing services during the First World War and other conflicts such as the Korean and Vietnam wars. More recently women have served in numerous conflict zones, including on the battlefields of Afghanistan. While there are notable differences in the historical journey, there are also important similarities that have shaped the experiences of women in the militaries of Australia and Canada.

This chapter begins with the Army’s position in the 1993 debate over allowing gay personnel to serve openly in the US military. The chapter argues that the generals’ arguments for maintaining the ban on gay people in the military centred on the notion that the military was an exceptional institution within US society, with claims about the need for combat cohesion and the maintenance of a ‘band of brothers’ paramount in their approach to the issue. When it came to the question of women’s service in the military, the debate played out on very similar lines. As with gay soldiers, critics argued that the presence of women would negatively affect the cohesion of these close-knit outfits. Not only that, but a series of sexual assault scandals prompted right-wing critics of the military to contend that the Army should discontinue gender-integrated recruit training and further restrict the role of women in the Army. This went in tandem with complaints that recruit training was now too soft, and that the Army should look to the Marine Corps for an example for how to recruit and train warriors.