Chapter 8 troubles two assumptions in liberated African scholarship. First, it shows that liberated Africans did more than renew and displace pre-existing African Caribbean cultures. Second, it argues that rather than being evidence of the survival of a homogenous group of Yoruba speakers, African work in Grenada has been shaped by interactions with pre-existing Creole cultures. By foregrounding exchange, intervention, and stigmatisation within and beyond the region of the Eastern Caribbean Sea, this chapter shows the ways in which Yoruba cultures were cross- fertilised with the Nation Dance, Roman Catholicism, obeah, saraka, and Indian cultures - thus contributing to the making of African work from the mid nineteenth century.

From the early twentieth century, African work was reshaped by the emergence of the Spiritual Baptist Faith. Chapter 9 focuses on border-crossing devotees who spread the new religion throughout several locales in the Eastern Caribbean, returning to Grenada with a reworked version of the Spiritual Baptist Faith marked by South Asian and non-Christian European characteristics. The incorporation of the Spiritual Baptist Faith into African work practice indicates some ways in which liberated African cultures were invigorated by African Caribbean practices.