This chapter details the process of examining human rights claims by international bodies. It covers the burden of proof, sources of evidence, free evaluation of evidence, framing of legal disputes, friendly settlements, and provisional measures, highlighting the procedural aspects and powers of international bodies in handling claims. The chapter examines the standards of proof, the methods of gathering and assessing evidence, and the procedures for resolving disputes. It also discusses the role of provisional measures in protecting human rights during the examination process and the importance of ensuring fairness and transparency in international human rights litigation.

This chapter develops the criteria relevant to assess a dispute resolution mechanism or DRM’s compliance with fair trial standards. The discussion focuses on the three broad fair trial guarantees that an institutional DRM must incorporate if it is to be considered appropriate. These are independence, impartiality and fairness. First, the discussion shows that for a DRM to be considered independent, it must possess institutional, decisional and personal/individual independence. Those three aspects will be explained succinctly. The chapter then focuses on the concept of judicial impartiality. For a fair trial to be provided, impartiality in its objective and subjective sense is critical. Finally, the chapter demonstrates how the right to a fair trial also demands that a claimant is treated fairly. Fairness is a broad guarantee and is explored through seven sub-component fair trial rights. Fairness cannot be achieved unless the right to equal access to the courts, the right to equality of arms, the right to an oral hearing, the right to appeal, the right to a reasoned judgment, the right to access justice without undue delay and the right to an effective remedy are provided for in the law, and importantly, practically realised.