This chapter examines the transformation of Jerusalem in Late Antiquity, focusing on its urban development, religious significance and shifting political landscape. It traces the city’s evolution from Roman Aelia Capitolina into a major Christian centre under Byzantine rule, emphasising the role of imperial patronage in reshaping its architecture and sacred spaces. Particular attention is given to the construction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, initiated by Constantine and consecrated in 335. This church became the focal point of Christian Jerusalem, inspiring the development of additional religious structures, including churches on Mount Zion, on the Mount of Olives and in Bethlehem. The chapter also explores the city’s expansion under Empress Eudocia and Emperor Justinian, discussing projects such as the Nea Church and the extension of the cardo. Further discussions examine the adaptation of existing Roman infrastructure, the conversion of pagan temples into Christian buildings, and the impact of imperial policies on the city’s layout. The chapter concludes by assessing the Persian conquest in 614 CE and the subsequent Islamic takeover in 638 CE, demonstrating how Jerusalem remained a contested and sacred space throughout Late Antiquity.

Abstract: Anne and Jack moved to San Francisco. Anne struggled in the first months of her internship at Mount Zion because she didn’t know medicine. She was eventually accepted into a neurology residency at UCSF. Anne learned how to assess what was ‘normal’ or ‘abnormal’ in patients she saw, such as their gait, strength, coordination, sensation and cognitive function. She spent her first night on call in the Mission District at the San Francisco General Hospital emergency room. As an intern, Anne became familiar with death and losing patients. Anne rotated at Moffitt (the University) Hospital, the Veterans Health Administration Hospital (VA) and the San Francisco General Hospital. Anne sometimes sought Jack or other residents such as Roger Simon for advice while on call. Jack proposed that he and Anne try to have kids. Within a short time of trying, Jessie was born, a C-section baby. Anne took two weeks off from work. In her third year, she was chosen as chief resident. She and Jack applied for new jobs. They moved to Ann Arbor. Anne was hired by the head of neurology as an assistant professor and Jack for another year of fellowship in neuroanatomy followed by an assistant professorship the next year.

This final chapter explores competition between Franciscan reform traditions over jurisdiction in the Custody to understand the Holy Land's importance as a Franciscan sacred landscape, and custodial administration as a manifestation of Franciscan authority and legitimacy.