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2 results

  • 16 - Quantum Foundations

  • David Tong, University of Cambridge
  • Book:
    Quantum Mechanics
    Published online:
    27 June 2025
    Print publication:
    19 June 2025, pp 562-619

  • Summary

    What is the essence of quantum mechanics? What makes the quantum world truly different from the classical one? Is it the discrete spectrum of energy levels? Or the inherent lack of determinism? The purpose of this chapter is to go back to basics in an attempt to answer this question. We will look at the framework of quantum mechanics in an attempt to get a better understanding of what we mean by a “state”, and what we mean by a “measurement”. A large part of our focus will be on the power of quantum entanglement.

  • 4 - Evolution

  • Claude Fabre, Sorbonne Université, Paris
  • With contributions by Rodrigo G. Cortiñas
  • Book:
    Quantum Processes and Measurement
    Published online:
    27 July 2023
    Print publication:
    10 August 2023, pp 44-65

  • Summary

    This chapter presents the theoretical framework that allows us to describe evolutions in the general case using Kraus operators as the main tool. It considers in detail the phenomenon of decoherence and gives examples of such maps. It shows that any evolution can be considered as unitary by going in a larger Hilbert space. The Lindblad equation for the evolution of the density matrix appears as a particular case of evolution in the short memory or Markov approximation. Up-jumps and down-jumps are also described within this framework using cavity damping, spontaneous emission, and the shelving technique as examples.