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The epilogue assesses the relationship between PR and foreign relations from the 1970s onward. It examines the evolution of PR and the growth of the communications industry. It considers specific examples from the end of the twentieth century, including the relationship between Marvin Liebman and Chile, Burson-Marsteller and Argentina, and (most significantly) Hill and Knowlton, Kuwait, and Citizens for a Free Kuwait. It also includes twenty-first-acentury examples such as the connections between Paul Manafort and Russia. While the terminology may have evolved, the relationship between PR and foreign relations is as close and as controversial as ever.
Chapter 3 explores the work undertaken by Carl Byoir and Ivy Lee for German interests, the subsequent Congressional investigation into that work, and the public backlash that followed. Byoir and Associates worked for the German Tourist Information Office, while Lee worked for I. G. Farben. These connections to Nazi Germany quickly came to the attention of the US government. Congress investigated potential subversive activities and conflicts of interest between private PR interests and America’s broader national interests. While neither Byoir nor Lee was revealed as a puppet of the Nazi regime, both were tainted by the association. The incident revealed the depth of popular concerns about the use of PR to promote foreign interests in the United States.
Chapter 8 examines how, after 1945, a growing number of American PR firms took on foreign governments as clients. As the international PR business expanded through the 1950s, pretty much any country outside of the communist orbit was up for grabs. While there were numerous examples, the most notable was a government desperate to remain outside of the communist orbit: South Vietnam. Its leader, Ngo Dinh Diem, sought PR to strengthen his own image as well as that of his new nation. From the mid-1950s, Harold Oram’s firm provided PR counsel to South Vietnam in the United States as part of a wider “Vietnam Lobby.” For the most part, the PR firms in question believed they worked in the interests of the United States as much as the countries they represented. Yet it became increasingly clear that their own business interests were their priority. The fact that American PR firms worked for foreign governments at all caused controversy when news of the practice came to public attention in the 1960s. Through media reports and subsequent Congressional investigations, the role of PR firms in promoting foreign clients within the United States once again came under question.
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